यम (yama)

यम

Masculine, Feminine, Neuter

(

-मः-मा-मं

)

Twin,

fellow,

one

of

the

pair

or

brace.

Masculine.

(

-मः

)

1.

Restraining,

controlling.

2.

Forbearance,

refraining.

3.

Cessa-

tion,

stop,

conclusion,

finish.

4.

Religious

restraint

or

obli-

gation,

considered

the

first

of

the

eight

steps

of

Yoga.

5.

Penance,

purification,

the

performance

of

those

acts

which

re-

move

impurity

of

any

kind.

6.

Any

of

the

five

acts

or

virtues,

which

constitute

pure

characters,

as

refraining

from

violence

or

injury,

patience,

sincerity,

obedience

to

a

spiritual

teacher,

and

the

observance

of

all

purificatory

ceremonies.

7.

A

festival.

8.

A

crow.

9.

A

name

of

the

planet

SATURN.

10.

YAMA,

the

deity

of

Naraka

or

hell,

where

his

capital

is

placed,

in

which

he

sits

in

judgment

on

the

dead,

and

distributes

rewards

and

punishments,

sending

the

good

to

Swarga,

and

the

wicked

to

the

division

of

Naraka

or

Tartarus

appropriated

to

their

crimes:

he

corresponds

with

the

Grecian

god

PLUTO,

and

the

judge

of

hell

MINOS,

and

in

Hindu

mythology

often

identified

with

Death

and

Time:

he

is

the

son

of

SŪRYA,

or

the

sun,

and

brother

of

the

personified

YA-

MUNĀ

or

Jamunā

river.

Neuter.

(

-म

)

A

brace,

a

couple,

a

pair.

Feminine.

(

-मी

)

The

Yamunā

river.

Etymology

यम्

to

restrain,

&c.,

Affix.

अच्,

घञ्

or

अप्

।

यम(

व

)निका

Feminine.

(

-का

)

A

screen

of

cloth

surrounding

a

tent.

Etymology

यम्

to

stop

or

check,

Affix.

ल्युट्,

कन्

added,

fem.

form

also

जवनिका

।

2

यम॑

(

feminine

आ॑

&

ई॑

)

paired,

twin

masculine

a

twin

(

dual

twins

),

name

of

a

god,

either

the

Twin

(

with

his

sister

यमी॑

feminine

)

or

the

Restrainer,

the

god

of

death.

neuter

pair,

twin

letter

(

grammar

)

यम

(

मः-मा-मं

)

a.

Twin

one

of

a

pair.

Masculine.

Yama,

Pluto,

the

god

of

hell

penance

restraint,

stop.

Feminine.

(

मी

)

The

Jumnā.

Neuter.

A

pair.

यम

-

yama

-

Adjective

-

twin-born

यम

-

yama

-

Adjective

-

twin

यम

-

yama

-

Adjective

-

forming

a

pair

यम

-

yama

-

Masculine

-

rein

यम

-

yama

-

Masculine

-

crow

यम

-

yama

-

Masculine

-

Pluto

यम

-

yama

-

Masculine

-

symbolical

name

for

the

number

two

यम

-

yama

-

Masculine

-

restraint

यम

-

yama

-

Masculine

-

curb

यम

-

yama

-

Masculine

-

act

of

checking

or

curbing

यम

-

yama

-

Masculine

-

one

of

a

pair

or

couple

यम

-

yama

-

Masculine

-

bridle

यम

-

yama

-

Masculine

-

self-control

forbearance

यम

-

yama

-

Masculine

-

driver

यम

-

yama

-

Masculine

-

any

great

moral

rule

or

duty

यम

-

yama

-

Masculine

-

charioteer

यम

-

yama

-

Masculine

-

self-restraint

यम

-

yama

-

Masculine

-

fellow

यम

-

yama

-

Masculine

-

any

rule

or

observance

यम

-

yama

-

Masculine

-

god

of

death

यम

-

yama

-

Masculine

-

suppression

यम

-

yama

-

Masculine

-

bad

horse

यम

-

yama

-

Neuter

-

key

यम

-

yama

-

Neuter

-

brace

यम

-

yama

-

Neuter

-

tone

of

utterance

यम

-

yama

-

Neuter

-

pair

यम

-

yama

-

Neuter

-

pitch

of

the

voice

यम

-

yama

-

Neuter

-

couple

यम

-

yama

-

Masculine

-

Pluto

यम

-

yama

-

Masculine

-

curb

उद्यच्छते

{

उद्यम्

}

-

udyacchate

{

udyam

}

-

verb

-

curb

उद्यच्छति

{

उद्यम्

}

-

udyacchati

{

udyam

}

-

verb

-

curb

निगृह्णाति

{

निग्रह्

}

-

nigRhNAti

{

nigrah

}

-

verb

-

curb

निगृह्णीते

{

निग्रह्

}

-

nigRhNIte

{

nigrah

}

-

verb

-

curb

यन्त्रयति

{

यन्त्र्

}

-

yantrayati

{

yantr

}

-

verb

-

curb

संहरते

{

संहृ

}

-

saMharate

{

saMhR

}

-

verb

-

curb

संहरति

{

संहृ

}

-

saMharati

{

saMhR

}

-

verb

-

curb

संनिगृह्णाति

{

संनिग्रह्

}

-

saMnigRhNAti

{

saMnigrah

}

-

verb

-

curb

सम्प्रसहति

{

सम्प्रसह्

}

-

samprasahati

{

samprasah

}

-

verb

-

curb

समुद्यच्छति

{

समुद्यम्

}

-

samudyacchati

{

samudyam

}

-

verb

-

curb

संयच्छति

{

संयम्

}

-

saMyacchati

{

saMyam

}

-

verb

-

curb

यच्छति

{

यम्

}

-

yacchati

{

yam

}

-

verb

1

-

curb

नियमयति

{

नि-

यम्

}

-

niyamayati

{

ni-

yam

}

-

verb

caus.

-

curb

नियत

-

niyata

-

Adjective

-

curbed

यन्त्रित

-

yantrita

-

Adjective

-

curbed

यमिन्

-

yamin

-

Adjective

-

curbing

सङ्गृहीति

-

saGgRhIti

-

Feminine

-

curbing

मुखयन्त्रण

-

mukhayantraNa

-

Neuter

-

mouth-curb

सुयन्तु

-

suyantu

-

Adjective

-

curbing

or

guiding

well

यम्य

-

yamya

-

Adjective

-

to

be

curbed

or

controlled

यम

-

yama

-

Masculine

-

act

of

checking

or

curbing

संयमिन्

-

saMyamin

-

Adjective

-

who

or

what

restrains

or

curbs

or

subdues

संयमन

-

saMyamana

-

Neuter

-

act

of

curbing

or

checking

or

restraining

हयसङ्ग्रहण

-

hayasaGgrahaNa

-

Neuter

-

restraining

or

curbing

or

checking

of

horses

स्थाप्य

-

sthApya

-

Adjective

-

to

be

kept

in

order

or

curbed

or

checked

or

restrained

यम

yama

Adjective

twin-born

याम

yAma

Adjective

relating

to

or

derived

from

or

destined

for

yama

यम

yama

Adjective

forming

a

pair

यम

yama

Adjective

twin

यामा

yAmA

Feminine

period

or

watch

of

3

hours

यामा

yAmA

Feminine

8th

part

of

a

day

यामा

yAmA

Feminine

night-watch

याम

yAma

Masculine

carriage

यम

yama

Masculine

rein

याम

yAma

Masculine

coordinate

[

Math.

]

याम

yAma

Masculine

course

यम

yama

Masculine

self-control

forbearance

यम

yama

Masculine

any

rule

or

observance

याम

yAma

Masculine

path

याम

yAma

Masculine

quarter

of

day

or

night

यम

yama

Masculine

fellow

याम

yAma

Masculine

cessation

याम

yAma

Masculine

motion

यम

yama

Masculine

crow

यम

yama

Masculine

self-restraint

यम

r.

1st

cl.

(

औ

उ

)

औयमु

(

यच्छति

)

To

stop,

to

cease,

to

refrain.

With

नि

prefixed,

1

To

remove,

to

dispel.

2

To

observe

as

a

vow

or

religious

rite.

3

To

regulate,

to

restrain.

With

उत्,

1

To

rise,

to

mount

on.

2

To

make

effort

or

exertion.

3

To

lift

up,

to

raise.

With

वि

and

आङ्,

To

exercise.

With

सम्

and

नि,

To

restrain.

In

some

senses

it

takes

the

deponent

form,

as

with

आङ्,

prefix,

(

आयच्छते

)

To

put

forth,

to

use

or

employ

any

part

of

one's

own

body,

as

the

hand,

&c.

(

आयच्छति

)

1

To

seize.

2

To

go

to,

to

proceed

to.

With

सम्,

(

संयच्छते

)

To

heap

together

any

thing

that

is

one's

own.

(

संयच्छति

)

To

associate

with.

With

उप,

(

उपयच्छते

)

1

To

marry.

2

To

agree

or

accede

to.

3

To

master

by

learning.

r.

10th

cl.

(

यमयति

यामयति

)

1

To

feed,

to

give

food

to.

2

To

restrain.

यम

Masculine, Feminine, Neuter

(

-मः-मा-मं

)

Twin,

fellow,

one

of

a

pair

or

brace.

Masculine.

(

-मः

)

1

Restraining,

controlling.

2

Forbearance,

refraining.

3

Cessation,

stop,

conclusion,

finish.

4

Religious

restraint

or

obligation.

5

Penance,

purification,

the

performance

of

those

acts

which

remove

impurity

of

any

kind.

6

Any

of

the

five

acts

or

virtues,

which

constitute

pure

characters,

as

refraining

from

violence

or

injury,

patience,

sincerity,

obedience

to

a

spiritual

teacher,

and

the

observance

of

all

purificatory

ceremonies.

7

A

festival.

8

A

crow.

9

A

name

of

the

planet

SATURN.

10

YAMA,

the

deity

of

Naraka

or

hell,

where

his

capital

is

placed,

in

which

he

sits

in

judgment

on

the

dead,

and

distributes

rewards

and

punishments,

sending

the

good

to

Svarga,

and

the

wicked

to

the

division

of

Naraka

or

Tartarus

appropriated

to

their

crimes:

he

corresponds

with

the

Grecian

god

PLUTO,

and

the

judge

of

hell

MINOS,

and

in

Hindu

mythology

is

often

identified

with

Death

and

Time:

he

is

the

son

of

SŪRYA

or

the

sun,

and

brother

of

the

personified

YAMUNĀ

or

Jumna

river.

Neuter.

(

-मं

)

A

brace,

a

couple,

a

pair.

Feminine.

(

-मी

)

The

Yamunā

river.

Etymology

यम

to

restrain,

&c.,

Affix.

अच्

or

अप्.

यम

[

yama

],

Adjective.

[

यम्-घञ्

]

Twin,

twinborn.

Coupled.

मः

Restraining,

controlling,

curbing

यमो

राजा

धार्मिकाणां

मान्धातः

परमेश्वरः

Mahâbhârata (Bombay).

*

12.91.42.

Control,

restraint.

Self

control.

Any

great

moral

or

religious

duty

or

observance

(

Opposite of.

नियम

)

तप्तं

यमेन

नियमेन

तपो$मुनैव

Naishadhacharita.

13.16

यमनियमकृशीकृतस्थिराङ्गः

Kirâtârjunîya.

1.

1.

(

यम

and

नियम

are

thus

distinguished:

शरीरसाधनापेक्षं

नित्यं

यत्

कर्म

तद्

यमः

।

नियमस्तु

स

यत्

कर्म

नित्यमागन्तुसाधनम्

॥

Amarakosha. („).

2.49

See

Malli.

on

Sisupâlavadha.

13.23

and

Kirâtârjunîya.

1.1

also.

The

yamas

are

usually

said

to

be

ten,

but,

their

names

are

given

differently

by

different

writers

Exempli gratia, for example.

ब्रह्मचर्यं

दया

क्षान्तिर्दानं

सत्यमकल्कता

।

अहिंसा$स्तेयमाधुर्ये

दमश्चेति

यमाः

स्मृताः

॥

Yâjñavalkya (Mr. Mandlik's Edition).

3.312

or

आनृशंस्यं

दया

सत्यमहिंसा

क्षान्तिरार्जवम्

।

प्रीतिः

प्रसादो

माधुर्यं

मार्दवं

च

यमा

दश

॥

sometimes

only

fiveyamas

are

mentioned:

अहिंसा

सत्यवचनं

ब्रह्मचर्यमकल्कता

।

अस्तेयमिति

पञ्चैते

यमाख्यानि

व्रतानि

च

॥

).

The

first

of

the

eight

aṅgas.

or

means

of

attaining

Yoga

the

eightaṅgas

are:

यमनियमासनप्राणायामप्रत्याहारधारणाध्यानसमाधयो$-

ष्टाङ्गानि

Śāndilya

Upanishad.

1.1.2.

The

god

of

death,

death

personified,

regarded

as

a

son

of

the

sun

he

presides

over

the

पितृs

and

rules

the

spirits

of

the

dead

दत्ताभये

त्वयि

यमादपि

दण्डधारे

Uttararàmacharita.

2.11.

A

twin

धर्मात्मजं

प्रति

यमौ

च

(

id est, that is.

नकुलसहदेवौ

)

कथैव

नास्ति

Veṇîsamhâra.

2.25

यमयो-

श्चैव

गर्भेषु

जन्मतो

ज्येष्ठता

मता

Manusmṛiti.

9.126.

One

of

a

pair

or

couple,

a

fellow.

Name.

of

Saturn.

A

crow.

A

symbolical

expression

for

the

number

'two'.

Vedic.

A

rein,

bridle

पृष्ठे

सदो

नसोर्यमः

Ṛv.5.

61.2.

Vedic.

A

driver,

charioteer

अग्निं

रथानां

यमम्

Ṛv.8.13.1.

Name.

of

a

deity

who

chastises

beings

for

their

misdeeds

यमं

कालं

च

मृत्युं

च

स्वर्गं

संपूज्य

चार्हतः

Mahâbhârata (Bombay).

*

12.2.3.

मम्

A

pair

or

couple.

(

In

Grammar.

)

The

twin

letter

of

any

consonant.

Pitch

of

the

voice.

-मी

Name.

of

the

river

Yamunā.-मौ

(

Masculine.

Dual.

)

Twins

कथं

त्वमेतौ

धृतिसंयमौ

यमौ

Kirâtârjunîya.

1.

36.

Name.

of

the

Aśvins

यमौ

यमोपमौ

चैव

ददौ

दानान्यनेकशः

Mahâbhârata (Bombay).

*

14.61.38.

Nakula

and

Sahadeva

भीमार्जुनयमा-

श्चापि

तद्युक्तं

प्रतिपेदिरे

Mahâbhârata (Bombay).

*

3.6.14.

˚मैथुनौ

twins

of

different

sex.

Compound.

-अनुगः,

-अनुचरः

a

servant

or

attendant

of

Yama.

-अनुजा

Name.

of

the

river

Yamunā

मघोनि

वर्षत्य-

सकृद्

यमानुजा

Bhágavata (Bombay).

1.3.51.

-अन्तकः

an

epithet

of

Śiva.

of

Yama.

-अरिः,

-घ्नः,

-रिपुः

Et cætera.

Name.

of

Viṣṇu.-ईशम्

the

Nakṣatra

Bharaṇī.

-किङ्करः

a

messenger

of

death.

कीटः

a

wood-louse.

an

earth-worm.

-कीलः

Name.

of

Viṣṇu.

-कोटिः,

-टी

Name.

of

a

mythical

town

to

the

east

of

Laṅkā

लङ्का

कुमध्ये

यमकोटिरस्याः

Siddhāntaśiromaṇi.

-घण्टः

Name.

of

an

astrological

Yoga

(

this

is

inauspicious

).

-जः

Adjective.

twin-born,

twin

यमजौ

चापि

भद्रं

ते

नैतदन्यत्र

विद्यते

Mahâbhârata (Bombay).

*

3.14.19

भ्रातरौ

आवां

यमजौ

Uttararàmacharita.

6

4

also

यमजात-जातक.

-दंष्ट्रा

'Yama's

tooth',

the

jaws

of

death.

(

-ष्ट्राः

Plural.

)

the

last

eight

days

of

the

month

Aśvina

and

the

whole

of

Kārtika

(

regarded

as

a

period

of

general

sickness

).-दिश्

Feminine.

the

south.

दूतः,

दूतकः

a

messenger

of

death.

a

crow.

-दूतिका

tamarind.

-देवता

the

asterism

Bharaṇī.

-द्रुमः

Bombax

Heptaphyllum

(

Marâṭhî.

सांवरी

).

-द्वितीया

the

second

day

in

the

bright

half

of

Kārtika

when

sisters

entertain

their

brothers

(

Marâṭhî.

भाऊबीज

)

Compare.

भ्रातृद्वितीया.

-धानी

the

abode

of

Yama

नरः

संसारान्ते

विशति

यमधानीजवनिकाम्

Bhartṛihari's three Satakas (the figures 1., 2., 3. after Bh. denoting Sṛingâraº, Nîtiº, and Vâirâgyaº).

3.112.

-धारः

a

kind

of

double-edged

weapon.

-पटः,

-पट्टिका

a

piece

of

cloth

on

which

Yama

with

his

attendants

and

the

punishments

of

hell

are

represented

(

Marâṭhî.

यमपुरी

)

याव-

देतद्

गृहं

प्रविश्य

यमपटं

दर्शयन्न्

गीतानि

गायामि

Mudrârâkshasa (Bombay),

1.18/19.-पदम्

a

repeated

word.

-पाशः

the

noose

of

Yama.

-पुरुषः

Yama's

servant

or

minister.

-प्रियः

the

fig

tree.-भगिनी

Name.

of

the

river

Yamunā.

-यातना

the

tortures

inflicted

by

Yama

upon

sinners

after

death,

(

the

word

is

sometimes

used

to

denote

horrible

tortures',

'extreme

pain'

).

-रथः

a

buffalo.

-राज्

Masculine.

Yama,

the

god

of

death.

-वाहनः

Equal or equivalent to, same as.

यमरथः

quod vide, which see.

व्रतम्

an

observance

or

vow

made

to

Yama.

an

impartial

punishment

(

as

given

by

Yama

)

यथा

यमः

प्रियद्वेष्यौ

प्राप्ते

काले

नियच्छति

।

तथा

राज्ञा

नियन्तव्याः

प्रजास्तद्

हि

यमव्रतम्

॥

Manusmṛiti.

9.

37.

-शासनः

the

lord

Śiva

यशो

यदीयं

यमशासनालय-क्षमाधर-

स्पर्धनमाचचार

सः

Rām.

Ch.2.12

(

यमशासनालयः

Equal or equivalent to, same as.

हिमा-

लयः

).

-श्रायम्

the

abode

of

Yama

यात

यूयं

यमश्रायं

दिशं

नायेन

दक्षिणाम्

Bhaṭṭikâvya.

7.36.

-सभा

the

tribunal

of

Yama.

-सूर्यम्

a

building

with

two

halls,

one

facing

the

west

and

the

other

facing

the

north.

-स्वसृ

Feminine.

Name.

of

the

river

Yamunā

क्षणमिव

पुलिने

यमस्वसुस्ताम्

Bhágavata (Bombay).

3.4.27.

Name.

of

Durgā.

यम

a.

[

यम्-घञ्

]

1

Twin,

twinborn.

2

Coupled.

मः

1

Restraining,

controlling,

curbing.

2

Control,

restraint.

3

Self-control.

4

Any

great

moral

or

religious

duty

or

observance

(

opp.

नियम

)

तप्तं

यमेन

नियमेन

तपोऽमुनैव

N.

13.

16.

(

यम

and

नियम

are

thus

distinguished:

शरीरसाधनापेक्षं

नित्यं

यत्कर्म

तद्यमः

।

नियमस्तु

स

यत्कर्म

नित्यमागतुंसाधनं

॥

Ak.

see

Malli.

on

Śi.

13.

23

and

Ki.

10.

10

also.

The

yamas

are

usually

said

to

be

ten,

but

their

names

are

given

differently

by

different

writers

e.

g.

ब्रह्मचर्यं

दया

क्षांतिर्दानं

सत्यमकल्कता

।

अहिंसाऽस्तेयमाधुर्ये

दमश्चेति

यमाः

स्मृताः

॥

Y.

3.

313

or

आनृशंस्यं

दया

सत्यमहिंसा

क्षांतिरार्जवम्

।

प्रीतिः

प्रसादो

माधुर्यं

मार्दवं

च

यमा

दश

॥

sometimes

only

five

yamas

are

mentioned:

अहिंसा

सत्यवचनं

ब्रह्मचयर्मकल्कता

।

अस्तेयमिति

पंचैते

यमाख्यानि

व्रतानि

च

॥

).

5

The

first

of

the

eight

angas

or

means

of

attaining

Yoga

the

eight

angas

are:

यमनियमासनप्राणायामप्रत्याहारधारणाध्यानसमाधयोऽष्टावंगानि.

6

The

god

of

death,

death

personified,

regarded

as

a

son

of

the

sun

दत्ताभये

त्वयि

यमादपि

दंडधारे

U.

2.

11.

7

A

twin

धर्मात्मजं

प्रति

यमौ

च

(

i.

e.

नकुलसहदेवौ

)

कथैव

नास्ति

Ve.

2.

25

यमयोश्चैव

गर्भेषु

जन्मतो

ज्येष्ठता

मता

Ms.

9.

126.

8

One

of

a

pair

or

couple,

a

fellow.

9

N.

of

Saturn.

10

A

crow.

11

A

symbolical

expression

for

the

number

‘two’.

12

Ved.

A

rein,

bridle.

13

Ved.

A

driver,

charioteer.

मं

1

A

pair

or

couple.

2

(

In

gram.

)

The

twin

letter

of

any

consonant.

3

Pitch

of

the

voice.

मी

N.

of

the

river

Yamunā.

Comp.

अनुगः,

अनुचरः

a

servant

or

attendant

of

Yama.

अंतकः

an

epithet

of

{1}

Śiva.

{2}

of

Yama.

अरिः,

घ्नः,

रिपुः

&c.

N.

of

Viṣṇu.

ईशं

the

Nakṣatra

Bharaṇī.

किंकरः

a

messenger

of

death.

कीटः

{1}

a

wood-louse.

{2}

an

earth-worm.

कीलः

N.

of

Viṣṇu.

कोटिः

टी

N.

of

a

mythical

town

to

the

east

of

Laṅkā.

ज

a.

twin-born,

twin

भ्रातरौ

आवां

यमजौ

U.

6

4.

दंष्ट्रा

‘Yama's

tooth’,

the

jaws

of

death.

(

ष्ट्राः

pl.

)

the

last

eight

days

of

the

month

Āśvina

and

the

whole

of

Kārtika

(

regarded

as

a

period

of

general

sickness

).

दूतः

दूतकः

{1}

a

messenger

of

death.

{2}

a

crow.

दूतिका

tamarind.

देवता

the

asterism

Bharaṇī.

द्वितीया

the

second

day

in

the

bright

half

of

Kārtika

when

sisters

entertain

their

brothers

(

Mar.

भाऊबीज

)

cf.

भ्रातृद्वितीया.

धानी

the

abode

of

Yama

नरः

संसारांते

विशति

यमधानीजवनिकां

Bh.

3.

112.

धारः

a

kind

of

double-edged

weapon.

पाशः

the

noose

of

Yama.

पुरुषः

Yama's

servant

or

minister.

प्रियः

the

fig-tree.

भगिनी

N.

of

the

river

Yamunā.

यातना

the

tortures

inflicted

by

Yama

upon

sinners

after

death,

(

the

word

is

sometimes

used

to

denote

‘horrible

tortures’,

‘extreme

pain’

).

राज

m.

Yama,

the

god

of

death.

वाहनः,

रथः

a

buffalo.

सभा

the

tribunal

of

Yama.

सूर्यं

a

building

with

two

halls,

one

facing

the

west

and

the

other

facing

the

north.

स्वसृ

f.

{1}

N.

of

the

river

Yamunā.

{2}

N.

of

Durgā.

य॑म

masculine gender.

a

rein,

curb,

bridle,

ṛg-veda

v,

61,

2

a

driver,

charioteer,

ib.

viii,

103,

10

the

act

of

checking

or

curbing,

suppression,

restraint

(

with

वाचाम्,

restraint

of

words,

silence

),

bhāgavata-purāṇa

self-control

forbearance,

any

great

moral

rule

or

duty

(

as

opp.

to

नियम,

a

minor

observance

in

yājñavalkya

iii,

313

ten

Yamas

are

mentioned,

sometimes

only

five

),

manu-smṛti

mahābhārata

et cetera.

(

in

Yoga

)

self-restraint

(

as

the

first

of

the

eight

Aṅgas

or

means

of

attaining

mental

concentration

),

Indian Wisdom, by Sir M. Monier-Williams

93

any

rule

or

observance,

pāraskara-gṛhya-sūtra

यम॑

mf(

आ॑

or

ई॑

)n.

twin-born,

twin,

forming

a

pair,

ṛg-veda

et cetera.

et cetera.

य॑म

masculine gender.

a

twin,

one

of

a

pair

or

couple,

a

fellow

(

dual number.

‘the

twins’

nalopākhyāna

of

the

Aśvins

and

of

their

twin

children

by

Mādrī,

called

Nakula

and

Saha-deva

यमौ

मिथुनौ,

twins

of

different

sex

),

ib.

a

symbolical

nalopākhyāna

for

the

number

‘two’,

hemādri's caturvarga-cintāmaṇi

nalopākhyāna

of

the

god

who

presides

over

the

Pitṛs

(

q.v.

)

and

rules

the

spirits

of

the

dead,

ṛg-veda

et cetera.

et cetera.

,

Indian Wisdom, by Sir M. Monier-Williams

18

197,

198

et cetera.

Religious Thought and Life in India, also called 'brāhmanism and hindūism,' by Sir M. Monier-Williams

10

16

289

et cetera.

(

he

is

regarded

as

the

first

of

men

and

born

from

Vivasvat,

‘the

Sun’,

and

his

wife

Saraṇyū

while

his

brother,

the

seventh

Manu,

another

form

of

the

first

man,

is

the

son

of

Vivasvat

and

Saṃjñā,

the

image

of

Saraṇyū

his

twin-sister

is

Yamī,

with

whom

he

resists

sexual

alliance,

but

by

whom

he

is

mourned

after

his

death,

so

that

the

gods,

to

make

her

forget

her

sorrow,

create

night

in

the

Veda

he

is

called

a

king

or

संगमनो

जनानाम्,

‘the

gatherer

of

men’,

and

rules

over

the

departed

fathers

in

heaven,

the

road

to

which

is

guarded

by

two

broad-nosed,

four-eyed,

spotted

dogs,

the

children

of

Śaramā

q.v.

in

Post-vedic

mythology

he

is

the

appointed

Judge

and

‘Restrainer’

or

‘Punisher’

of

the

dead,

in

which

capacity

he

is

also

called

धर्मराज

or

धर्म

and

corresponds

to

the

Greek

Pluto

and

to

Minos

his

abode

is

in

some

region

of

the

lower

world

called

Yama-pura

thither

a

soul

when

it

leaves

the

body,

is

said

to

repair,

and

there,

after

the

recorder,

Citra-gupta,

has

read

an

account

of

its

actions

kept

in

a

book

called

Agra-saṃdhānā,

it

receives

a

just

sentence

in

mahābhārata

Yama

is

described

as

dressed

in

blood-red

garments,

with

a

glittering

form,

a

crown

on

his

head,

glowing

eyes

and

like

Varuṇa,

holding

a

noose,

with

which

he

binds

the

spirit

after

drawing

it

from

the

body,

in

size

about

the

measure

of

a

man's

thumb

he

is

otherwise

represented

as

grim

in

aspect,

green

in

colour,

clothed

in

red,

riding

on

a

buffalo,

and

holding

a

club

in

one

hand

and

noose

in

the

other

in

the

later

mythology

he

is

always

represented

as

a

terrible

deity

inflicting

tortures,

called

यातना,

on

departed

spirits

he

is

also

one

of

the

8

guardians

of

the

world

as

regent

of

the

South

quarter

he

is

the

regent

of

the

Nakṣatra

Apa-bharaṇī

or

Bharaṇī,

the

supposed

author

of

ṛg-veda

x,

10

14,

of

a

hymn

to

Viṣṇu

and

of

a

law-book

यमस्यार्कः

nalopākhyāna

of

a

Sāman,

ĀrṣBr.

)

nalopākhyāna

of

the

planet

Saturn

(

regarded

as

the

son

of

Vivasvat

and

Chāyā

),

harivaṃśa

bhāgavata-purāṇa

of

one

of

Skanda's

attendants

(

mentioned

together

with

Ati-yama

),

mahābhārata

a

crow,

Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, &c.

(

confer, compare.

-दूतक

)

a

bad

horse

(

whose

limbs

are

either

too

small

or

too

large

),

Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, &c.

य॑म

neuter gender.

a

pair,

brace,

couple,

Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, &c.

(

in

grammar.

)

a

twin-letter

(

the

consonant

interposed

and

generally

understood,

but

not

written

in

practice,

between

a

nasal

immediately

preceded

by

one

of

the

four

other

consonants

in

each

class

),

prātiśākhya

patañjali

on

pāṇini

i,

1,

8

pitch

of

the

voice,

tone

of

utterance,

key,

prātiśākhya

यम,

अस्,

m.

a

rein,

curb,

bridle

(

Ved.

)

a

driver,

charioteer

(

Ved.

)

restraining,

controlling,

taming,

keeping

in

check,

restraint,

(

वाचां

यमः,

restraint

of

words,

silence

)

self-control,

any

great

moral

duty

or

observance,

(

as

opposed

to

नियम,

a

minor

duty

or

observance,

see

Manu

IV.

204

some

of

the

Yamas

are

as

follow,

‘restraining

the

organs

of

sense,

’

‘chastity,

and

the

control

of

all

sensual

desires,

’

‘refraining

from

violence

or

injury,

’

‘patience,

’

‘truthfulness,

’

‘honesty’

)

a

twin,

one

of

a

pair

or

couple,

a

fellow,

(

यमौ,

‘the

twins,

’

an

epithet

of

the

Aśvins

and

of

their

twin

children

by

Mādrī,

called

Nakula

and

Sahadeva

)

a

symbolical

expression

for

the

number

two

N.

of

the

god

who

presides

over

the

Pitṛs,

q.

v.,

and

rules

the

spirits

of

the

dead,

(

he

is

regarded

in

Post-vedic

mythology

as

the

appointed

Judge

and

‘Restrainer’

or

Punisher

of

the

dead,

in

which

capacity

he

corresponds

to

the

Greek

Pluto

and

to

Minos

he

is

one

of

the

eight

guardians

of

the

world

as

regent

of

the

South

quarter,

in

which

direction

in

some

region

of

the

lower

world

is

his

abode,

called

Yama-pura

thither

a

soul,

when

it

leaves

the

body,

is

said

to

repair,

and

there,

after

the

recorder,

Citra-gupta,

has

read

an

account

of

its

actions

kept

in

a

book

called

Agra-sandhānī,

it

receives

a

just

sentence,

either

ascending

to

heaven

or

to

the

world

of

the

Pitṛs

or

being

driven

down

to

one