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महाभारत (mahAbhArata)

 
शब्दसागरः
English
महाभारत
n.
 (-तं) Name of the great epic which details the history of
the sons of DHRITARĀSTRA and PĀNDU.
Capeller Eng
English
महाभारत
s.
 (±आहव or युद्ध) the great war of
the Bharatas
n.
 (±आख्यान) the great narrative of the war of the Bh.
Spoken Sanskrit
English
महाभारत mahAbhArata
n.
 great war of the bharatas
भारत bhArata
n.
 land of bharatas i.e. India
भारत bhArata
n.
 story of the bharatas and their wars
भारत bhArata
adj.
 belonging or relating to the bharatas
भारत bhArata
adj.
 descended from bharata or the bharatas
मुग्धबोधिनी mugdhabodhinI
f.
 on the amarakoSa and the bhaTTikAvya by bharatasena
Monier Williams Cologne
English
महा—भारत
m.
 or
n.
 (with or
scil.
 आहव, युद्ध or any word signifying ‘battle’) the gr° war of the Bharatas,
MBh.
Hariv.
महा—भारत
n.
 (with or
scil.
 आख्यान), ‘great narrative of the war of the Bh°s’,
N.
 of the gr° epic poem in about 215, 000 lines describing the acts and contests of the sons of the two brothers Dhṛtarāṣṭra and Pāṇḍu, descendants of Bharata, who were of the lunar line of kings reigning in the neighbourhood of Hastinā-pura (the poem consists of 18 books with a supplement called Hari-vaṃśa, the whole being attributed to the sage Vyāsa),
ĀśvGṛ.
MBh.
&c.
 (IW. 370
&c.
 )
Apte Hindi
Hindi
महाभारतम्
नपुं*
 महा-भारतम् -
"प्रसिद्ध महाकाव्य जिसमें धृतराष्ट्र और पांडु के पुत्रों की प्रतिद्वन्द्विता और संघर्ष का वर्णन हैं (इसमें अठारह पर्व या अध्याय हैं, कहा जाता हैं कि इसकी रचना व्यास ने की, तु* ‘भारत’ शब्द की भी)"
Shabdartha Kaustubha
Kannada
महाभारत
पदविभागः - > नपुंसकलिङ्गः
कन्नडार्थः - > ವ್ಯಾಸ ಮಹರ್ಷಿ ಪ್ರಣೀತವಾದ್ ಒಂದು ಇತಿಹಾಸ ಗ್ರಂಥ
निष्पत्तिः - > तनु (विस्तारे) - "डः" (वा० ३-२-४८)
व्युत्पत्तिः - > महान्तं भारं तनोति
L R Vaidya
English
mahA-BArata {% n. %} name of the great epic which details the history of the sons of Dhṛitarāshṭra and Pāṇḍu
it consists of eighteen parvans and is believed to be written by Vyāsa
the word is derived in three or four ways in the first parvan of the epic.)
Aufrecht Catalogus Catalogorum
English
महाभारत or भारत
1) In the case of Poona and Oppert the parvans or parts of
parvans have noot been marked. Jones 401. 402. Mack. 57.
Cop. 99 (Virāṭaparvan). IO. 378. 465. 468. 497
--514. 546--48. W. p. 103--8. Oxf. 1. 2. 358^a
(fr.). Bodl. 18 (Udyogaparvan and C. by Nīlakaṇṭha).
Paris (B 20. 213--20). Khn. 24 (and C.). B. 2, 60.
62. 64. Report XI. Ben. 57--63. Tüb. 23 (Vana-
parvan). Haug 46 (Dānadharma and C.). Bik. 172
--182. Kāṭm. 1 (and C.). Pheh 15 (Udyogaparvan).
Rādh 40 (and C.). NP. IV, 8--22. 36, etc. Burnell
180^a. Gu. 4 (Ādiparvan). Bh. 10--16. Bhr. 56
--67. 565. 566. Poona 353--56. 359. 376--78.
381. 388. 468--540. 570. 614. 615. 617. 620. 630.
633. 662. II, 4. 11. 16. 17. 23. 34. 38. 86. 112--14.
130--40. 144. 161--68. 191--200. 221. 231. 266
--78. 280. 282--88. Jac. 697 (Virāṭaparvan). Taylor
1, 60. 64. 167. Oppert 5. 307. 583. 911. 1086.
1394. 1573. 1943. 2131. 2154. 2173. 2248. 2562.
2566. 2650. 2765. 2769. 2781. 2856. 2936. 2982.
3008. 3032. 3085. 3437. 3584. 3585. 3663. 3824. 4122.
4233. 4429. 4757. 4773. 4998. 5111. 5117. 5283.
5447. 5503. 5848. 5860. 5890. 6001. 6092. 6099.
6142. 6265. 6309. 6445. 6624. 6963. 7269--72.
7275. 7320. 7417. 7442. 7451. 7619. 8145. II, 21.
26. 29. 31. 34. 49. 52. 70. 126. 181. 201. 251.
261. 267. 268. 290. 303. 304. 307. 835. 965. 1371.
1419. 1506. 1536. 1677. 1788. 2138. 2233--36.
2252. 2272. 2302. 2457. 2490. 2506. 2507. 2531.
2538. 2556. 2570. 2577. 2610. 2789. 2845. 3038.
3041. 3043. 3044. 3072. 3079. 3228. 3453. 3458.
3464. 3465. 3481--83. 3532. 3540. 3549. 3668.
4257. 4258. 4261. 4263. 4269. 4273. 4281. 4304.
4336. 4342. 4346. 4353. 4362. 4373. 4834. 4987.
5551. 5726. 5727. 5731. 5763. 5802. 5867. 5981.
6029. 6200. 6203. 6211. 6222. 6223. 6251. 6364.
6372. 6430. 6466. 6490. 6516. 6683. 6734. 6770.
6800. 6818. 6828. 7125. 7172. 7175. 7489. 7490.
7493. 7497. 7505. 7514. 7595. 7678. 7750. 7788.
7826. 7967. 8511. 8518. 8616. 8619. 8625. 8626.
8635. 8648. 8671. 8679. 8688. 8757. 8818. 8824.
8911. 8946. 9074. 9640. 9736. 9738. 9789. 10289.
10359. Rice 64. 66. BP. 293 (Mokṣadharma).
W. 1510--22. Proceed. ASB. 1869, 224 (Virāṭa-
parvan). Verses from it are given by Kṣemendra.
Śp. p. 88. Skm. Sbhv. Padyāvalī.
C. Oppert 2676. 2764. 2967. 5905. 6143. 6144.
6203. 7365. II, 27. 331. 351.
C. Mahābhāratatilaka. Oppert II, 4794.
C. Mahābhāratanirvacana. Oppert 6961.
C. Yakṣapraśna. Oppert 7366.
C. Lakṣāvatāra. Oppert 2932.
C. Bhāratārthadīpikā by Arjunamiśra. W. p. 104
--6. Oxf. 2^b. L. 2126. 2158. B. 2, 62. 64.
Bh. 13. 15. Poona 476. 483. 485.
C. Vyākhyāratnāvalī by Ānandapūrṇa Muni Vidyāsā-
gara. Burnell 184. Bh. 15.
C. Vākyadīpikā by Caturbhuja Miśra. W. p. 104.
105. Bh. 13.
C. Jñānadīpikā by Devabodha. W. p. 105. L.
527. 3009. 3010. Bh. 13.
C. Gūḍhārthaprakāśikā by Nandakiśora. Sūcī-
pattra 67.
C. by Nandanācārya. Burnell 184^b (Mokṣadharma).
C. Bhāratārthaprakāśa by Nārāyaṇa Sarvajña. W.
p. 105. 107. Oxf. 2^a. Burnell 184^a. Bh. 13.
C. Bhāratabhāvadīpa by Nīlakaṇṭha Cāturdhara.
Jones 401. 402. IO. 378. 465. 468. 546--48.
W. p. 106--8. 110. Oxf. 1. 2. L. 1199.
B. 2, 62. Ben. 57--61. NP. IV, 8--22. 36,
etc. Bh. 10--12. Poona 441. 477. 479.
486--91. 495. 496. 505--8. 511. 512. 519.
523--25. 538. 539. 620. 623. II, 34. 140.
163--68. 195. 221. 266. 270--78. 282--88.
Oppert II, 4335. 6786. W. 1510--22.
C. by Paramānanda Bhaṭṭācārya. Burnell 184^a
(Mokṣadharma).
C. by Yajñanārāyaṇa. Mack. 60. Burnell 184^b.
Oppert II, 4835.
C. by Ratnagarbha. B. 2, 64.
C. Prakāśinī or Virodhabhañjinī by Rāmakṛṣṇa.
L. 2084--96. Burnell 184^a.
C. by Lakṣmaṇabhaṭṭa. Burnell 184^a.
C. Durbodhapadabhañjinī by Vimalabodha. L. 3011.
B. 2, 64. Ben. 63. Burnell 184^a.
C. by Vaiśampāyana. Burnell 184^a. He quotes
Devasvāmin.
C. by Śrīnivāsācārya. Burnell 184^a.
Mahābhārate Gaṅgāmāhātmya. H. 30.
--Nalopākhyāna q. v.
--Bhīṣmastavarāja q. v.
--Viṣṇusahasranāman q. v.
--Śivastotra. Burnell 202^a. BP. 294.
--Sāvitrī. Paris (B 95 b). Taylor 1, 356.
Oppert 3664. 4431. Peters. 1, 117.
--Somavatīkathā. Ben. 53.
--Hariścandropākhyāna. Oppert II, 2540. 9866.
महाभारत abridged by Caturbhujamiśra. IO. 470--72.
महाभारत CU. Nn. 3. CU. add. 2106 (Sabhāparvan). 1540
(Udyogap.). 1542 (Virāṭap.). 1624 (Droṇap.). Fl. 421
(Sabhāp.). 422 Udyogap.). Gov. Or. Libr. Madras 66.
Hz. 128 (Droṇa and Udyoga). IO. 184. 378. 465.
468. 497--514. 546--48. 1907 (Ādip. with C. by
Arjunamiśra, Sabhāp. with C. by Devabodha).
1908 (Vanap. with C. by Caturbhuja). 1909 (Virāṭap.
with C. by Caturbhuja, Udyogap. with C. by Nārā-
yaṇa Sarvajña). 1910 (Bhīṣmap. with C. by Arjuna-
miśra). 1911 (Droṇap. and Karṇap. with a C.). 1912
(Gadāp., Aiṣīkap., Viśokap., Strīp., Rājap., Āpa-
ddharma and C.). 1913 (Mokṣap. with C. by Arju-
namiśra), 1914 (Dānap. and Āśvamedhikap. with a C.
Mausalap., Āśramavāsikap., Sauptikap. with a C.,
Mahāprasthānikap., Svargārohaṇikap. with C. by
Nārāyaṇa Sarvajña). 2137 (Ādip., Virāṭap., Bhīṣmap.,
and fr. of Dānap.). 2452--53 (Mokṣap. and Dānap.).
2744--51. 2767 (Udyogap.). 2768 (Vanap. inc.).
3130--39. 3155. 3156. 3239 (Ādip. fr.). Lund I
(Bhīṣmap.). Oudh XX, 20. 28. XXI, 34. Peters. 4,
14 (Svargārohaṇa). Rgb. 112--17 (Vanap., Udyogap.,
Dānadharma). 167--70 (Sabhāp., Udyogap., Bhīṣmap.,
Droṇap.). Stein 196.
C. Kūṭavyākhyā. Rgb. 171 (inc.).
C. Bhāratapadaprakāśa. Quoted by Hemādri in
Dānakhaṇḍa p. 448.
C. Bhāratārthadīpikā by Arjunamiśra. Rgb. 169
(Bhīṣmap.). Stein 196 (Dānadharma).
C. Vyākhyāratnāvalī by Ānandapūrṇa Muni. Bhau
Dāji 93. Gov. Or. Libr. Madras 67 (Śāntip.).
C. by Kuravirāma. Mentioned by him in his
Viśvaguṇādarśaṭīkā, Hz. Extr. 57.
C. Vākyadīpikā by Caturbhuja. Rgb. 170 (Droṇap.).
C. Jñānadīpikā by Devabodha. Oudh XX, 30.
XXII, 56. Rgb. 167. 168 (Sabhāp., Udyogap.).
C. Bhāratabhāvadīpa by Nīlakaṇṭha. CU. Nn. 3.
Gov. Or. Libr. Madras 66. 67. IO. 378. 465.
468. 546--48. 2744--51. 3130--39. 3155.
3156. Oudh XX, 28. Stein 196.
C. Viṣamaślokaṭīkā by Rāmakiṃkara Nyāyālaṃ-
kāra. IO. 1411.
C. Mahābhāratasaṃkṣepaṭīkā or Vyākhyāpradīpa
by Rāmānuja. IO. 470.
C. by Śrīnivāsa. Hz. 240 (Sabhā).
Mahābhārate Tīrthayātrā of Vanaparvan, with C.
by Nīlakaṇṭha. IO. 2569.
--Naranārāyaṇīya. Fl. 10.
महाभारत Ulwar 849.
C. by Nīlakaṇṭha, son of Govinda. Ulwar 850.
महाभारत BC 399--401. Ed. U. (13 Volumes). On a
long scroll Ed. U. Tod 77 (8 Voll. Mahābhārata
and Harivaṃśa).
{% Ādiparvan. %} AK 182. AS p. 139. BC 459. 501.
Bd. 209. Cr. (inc.). CS 4, 112. 121. 123 (inc.). 133.
157 (inc.). 160. Whish 65 (Paulomaparvan and Āstīka-
parvan of the Ādiparvan)
.--{% Sabhā. %} AS p. 140. Bd.
210. CS 4, 110 (inc.). 113. 121. 132 (fr.). 133. 145
(inc.). 161 (inc.). Whish 18
.--{% Vana. %} AK 183. 184.
AS p. 140. BC 310. Bd. 168. 211 (inc.). CS 4, 110 (inc.).
115. 124 (and C.). 132. 133. 162. IL (chapters 50--76).
Tb. 38. Whish 62
.--{% Virāṭa. %} AK 187. AS p. 140
(2 MSS.). BC 194. Bd. 212 (inc.). Cr. CS 4, 110.
111 (inc.). 115. 125. 128 (inc.). 133. 134 (and C.).
146. 155 (inc.). 163. 166 (inc.). Lz. 133. 141. Whish
53. Thomas App. p. 256 (as far as 12, 7)
.--{% Udyoga. %}
AK 185. AS p. 140. CS 4, 110. 115. 121. 135
(and C.). 147. 152 (inc.). 156 (and C. inc.). 165. Hz.
795. Lz. 134 (till 175, 42). Whish 84 A (1--94).
84 B (41--198)
.--{% Bhīṣma. %} AK 188. AS p. 140.
Bd. 213. CS 4, 110. 127. 136. 147 (inc.). 164. Hz.
795
.--{% Droṇa. %} AK 189. AS p. 139. BC 193.
CS 4, 110. 116. 126. 127. 131. 138 (inc.). 141. 142.
144 (inc.). 146. 159. Hz. 795. Whish 86 (1--34).
--{% Karṇa. %} AK 190. 191. 192 (inc.). AS p. 140.
Bd. 214 (inc.). CS 4, 110. 114. 126. 131. 137. 141.
167. Tb. 40
.--{% Śalya. %} AK 193 (and Gadā). AS
p. 140 (2 MSS.). BC 194. Bd. 215. CS 4, 110.
119. 126. 137. 167 (all 4 with Gadā). 308. Lz. 135.
Gadā Bd. 216. CS 4, 308. Lz. 140. Tb. 41
.--
{% Sauptika. %} AK 194. AS p. 140. BC 194. Bd. 217.
CS 4, 119. 126. 137. 148. 167. 308. Aiṣīka. AK
195. BC 194. Bd. 170. Lz. 136. Viśoka. CS 4, 148.
--{% Strī. %} AK 196. 197. AS p. 140. BC 194. Bd.
218. CS 4, 110. 119. 126. 137. 148. 167. 171. 308.
--{% Śānti. %} AK 198. Bd. 169. CS 4, 110. 130. 131.
148 (inc.). Tb. 42. Rājadharma. AS p. 139. Bd.
219. CS 4, 120 (and C.). 148 (fr.). 168. Tb. 42.
Āpaddharma. Bd. 220. CS 4, 151. Mokṣadharma.
AK 200. AS p. 140. Bd. 221. CS 4, 120 (and C.).
150. 168
.--{% Anuśāsana. %} AK 201. 202. Bd. 222.
Cr. CS 4, 129 (inc.). Tb. 43. Dānadharma. AK 199.
AS p. 139. CS 4, 117. 118. 139 (and C. inc.). 149.
168. 169. Lz. 142. Rep. p. 5
.--{% Aśvamedha. %} AK
203. AS p. 139. Bd. 223. 228 (Dharmayajña). CS 4,
122. 129 (and C. inc.). 131. 140 (and C.). 153. 170.
Lz. 143. Whish 51
.--{% Āśramavāsa. %} AK 204. AS
p. 139. Bd. 224. CS 4, 110. 122. 129. 131. 172.
Whish 51
.--{% Mausala. %} AK 205. 206. AS p. 139.
140 (and C.). Bd. 225. CS 4, 122. 129. 131. 140. 173.
Whish 51
.--{% Mahāprasthāna. %} AS p. 139. Bd. 226.
CS 4, 110. 122. 129. 131. 140. 173. Whish 51
.--
{% Svargārohaṇa. %} AK 207. Bd. 227. CS 4. 122. 131.
158 (inc.). 173. Whish 51.
C. Mahābhāratārthapradīpikā by Arjunamiśra. CS
4, 269 (complete). Ādiparvan. CS 4, 413. Vana.
CS 4, 310. Sabhā. CS 4, 312. Udyoga. CS
4, 311. Mokṣadharma. Hpr. 1, 295. An
Epitome from his C. on the Vanaparvan. Tb. 39.
C. Vyākhyāratnāvalī by Ānandapūrṇa Vidyāsāgara.
Mokṣadharma. AS p. 153. CS 4, 168. Rāja-
dharma. CS 4, 168. Dānadharma. CS 4, 168.
C. by Caturdhara. Aiṣīka. AK 195.
C. by Nārāyaṇa Sarvajña. Anukramaṇikādhyāya
only. AK 180.
C. Bhāratabhāvadīpa by Nīlakaṇṭha. BC 399
--401 (on the whole Mahābhārata). Ed. U. (on
the whole). Ādiparvan. BC 281. CS 4, 160.
Sabhā. CS 4, 161 (inc.). Vana. CS 4, 162.
Virāṭa. Bd. 212. CS 4, 115. 163. Udyoga.
CS 4, 115. 165. Bhīṣma. CS 4, 164. Karṇa.
Bd. 214. Strī. CS 4, 171. Anuśāsana. Bd.
222. Cr. Tb. 43. Dānadharma. CS 4, 117.
169. Aśvamedha. CS 170.
C. Bhāvārthaprakāśikā by Rāmakṛṣṇa. Virāṭa-
parvan. Hpr. 1, 334.
C. Durbodhapadabhañjikā by Vimalabodha. Bd.
167. CS 4, 175. Hz. 1220 (inc.).
Mahabharata
English
Mahābhārata, the poem of Vyāsa. § 1 (Anukram.): I, 1, 11 (ºsaṃśritāḥ kathāḥ). The M. had been composed by Vyāsa and was originally recited by Vaiśampāyana to Janamejaya, afterwards by Ugraśravas to Śaunaka).--§ 7 (do.): I, 1, 265, 266 (etymology).--§ 11 (Parvasaṅgr.): I, 2, 656 (ºm ākhyāya), 657 (do.).--§ 70 (Ādivaṃśāvatāraṇap.): I, 59, 2203 (ākhyānaṃ, recited at the sacrifice of Janamejaya)
2206 (recited by Sauti, i.e. Ugraśravas).--§ 72 (do.): I, 62, 2283 (ākhyānaṃ), 2319 (ºākhyānaṃ), 2320 (etymology), 2322, 2333 (tribhir varshair…Kṛshṇa-Dvaipāyane… Mºm ākhyānaṃ kṛtavān).--§ 78 (Vyāsa): I, 63, 2418 (Vyāsa taught his disciples Vedān Mºpañcamān).--§ 717b (Nārāyaṇīya): XII, 341, 13027 (do. do.)
347, 13438 (ºkṛt, i.e. Vyāsa).--§ 795c (Svargārohaṇap.): Sauti said: “The race of the Bharatas is the topic [of the M.]. Therefore it is called Bhārata, and on account of this and of its greatness it is called M. (v. 192)
this history is called Jaya, it should be heard by everyone who desires emancipation, ” etc. Blessing to the reader. Vyāsa made an abstract of the Bhārata from love of righteousness
he made another compilation (saṃhitāṃ) of six millions of verses
three millions of these verses are placed in Devaloka, 1, 500, 000 among the Pitṛs, 1, 400, 000 among the Yakshas, and 100, 000 among men. Nārada recited it to the gods, Asita Devala to the Pitṛs, Śuka to the Rākshasas and Yakshas
Vaiśampāyana to men
it is equal to the Vedas
blessing to the reader
the Sāvitrī of the Bhārata (i.e. vv. 203b--207) is quoted
“what need has that man of a sprinkling of the waters of Pushkara who attentively listens to this Bhārata…?” (v. 211 + one verse in B.) (XVII, 5)--Asked by Janamejaya according to what rites one should listen to the Bhārata, etc., Vaiśampāyana expounded what gods, etc., are found in the Mahābhārata ()
śrāddha offerings should be made after the hearing of it, likewise gifts to the brahmans (specification)
one should appoint as reciter one who is pure, etc.
the reciter, seated at his ease, free from all bodily complaints, with rapt attention should recite the text without too much slowness, etc.
() the merit won at the conclusion of each pāraṇa ()
the gifts that should be made at the conclusion of each parvan (), its topic () and fruits () (XVIII, 6): XVIII, 5, 190, 191, 192 (etymology)
6, 299 (ºākhyanaṃ). Cf. Bhārata^18, Jaya^14.
पुराणम्
English
भारत / BHĀRATA (mahābhārata). An epic written by vyāsa.1) General information. The mahābhārata is an epic. bharata is acclaimed as the first emperor of bhārata. The theme of this great epic is the fight between the two lines of princes belonging to the dynasty of bharata. That is why the book is called mahābhārata. The great size of the volume and the greatness of the wisdom contained therein have contributed much to its getting the name, mahābhārata. Once the devas put the mahābhārata in one pan of a balance and the Vedas in the other pan. Then the devas were convinced that the mahābhārata weighed more than all the Vedas put together. (Ślokas 269-271, Chapter 1, Ādi Parva, M.B.).(* Purā kila suraiḥ sarvaiḥ sametya tulayā dhṛtam
Caturbhyaḥ sara{??}asyebhyo Vedebhyo hyadhikaṁ yadā
Tadā prabhrti loke'smin mahābhāratamucyate
Mahatve ca gurutve ca dhriyamāṇaṁ yaśo'dhikam
Mahatvād bhāravatvāc ca Mahābhāratamucyate.) This book contains over a lakh of verses. There is no subject on earth which is not dealt with in the mahābhārata. None of the world's epics is so big as mahābhārata. In size the mahābhārata is double that of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey put together. The following poem about it is worth mentioning now:Yathā samudro bhagavan
Yathā ca himavān giriḥ ।
Khyātāvubhau ratnanidhī
Tathā bhāratamucyate ।। mahābhārata is not a mere epic. It is a whole literature in itself containing a philosophy which has been an unfailing and perennial source of spiritual strength to the people of india. Above all it has for its core the gītā which is perhaps the noblest of scriptures.
The mahābhārata comprises eighteen books, each book being called a Parva. There are 2109 chapters in it, the chapters differing in size. Besides, there is an annexe called harivaṁśa which deals with the life and history of śrī kṛṣṇa.2) Contents. The contents of each Parva are succinctly given below: The Parvas are so named as to give a hint of their central theme.(1) Ādi Parva. (Ādi = beginning). pāṇḍu and dhṛtarāṣṭra, king of the candra dynasty, are brothers. bhīṣma brought them up. dhṛtarāṣṭra was born blind and he got a hundred children of his wife gāndhārī. They were called the kauravas. pāṇḍu had two wives kuntī and mādrī and got of them five sons called the pāṇḍavas headed by the eldest yudhiṣṭhira.(2) Sabhā Parva (Sabhā = court). The pāṇḍavas and kauravas lived together in the court at hastināpura. There, the kauravas entered into a game of dice with yudhiṣṭhira and through the deceitful tactics engineered by the keen-witted śakuni, yudhiṣṭhira was defeated and he lost everything he possessed. The pāṇḍavas were then compelled to go into exile to the forests for twelve years and spend another year after that incognito. If they were found out during that period of incognito they were to go into exile for another term of twelve years. The pāṇḍavas accompanied by pāñcālī left for the forests.(3) Vana Parva (Vana = forest). This is one of the longest of Parvas and describes the life of the pāṇḍavas in the forest Kāmyaka. The well known stories ‘Nala Carita’ and ‘Kirātārjunīya’ are told in this Parva’.(4) virāṭa Purva. (virāṭa = name of a King). The pāṇḍavas after completing their term of exile in the forests spent the year of their life in incognito at the court of King virāṭa. Many wonderful events took place during their stay there and this Parva deals in detail about them.(5) bhīṣma parva (bhīṣma = The first Generalissimo of the kauravas). The great mahābhārata war was fought in the vast expanse of kurukṣetra lying to the northwest of Delhi. bhīṣma was the first generalissimo of the kauravas and dhṛṣṭadyumna of the pāṇḍavas. vyāsa describes the events of the battle classifying it according to the generalissimos of the kaurava army giving the four generalissimos a Parva each. bhīṣma fought for ten days and was struck down on the tenth day by an arrow from arjuna.(6) droṇa parva (droṇa = The second Generalissimo). When bhīṣma fell droṇa took charge as the supreme commander. This Parva deals with the fight under his command. droṇa was killed in the end by dhṛṣṭadyumna. (7) karṇa Parva. (karṇa = The third generalissimo). This Parva deals with the war under the command of karṇa. karṇa fell in the end at the hands of arjuna.(8) śalya Parva. (śalya = The fourth and last of the Generalissimos). When karṇa fell śalya took over charge of the kaurava army. As the war was coming to an end most of the big warriors of the kaurava army were killed. In the end bhīma and duryodhana met in a grim fight with maces in which duryodhana was killed. This Parva deals with the final stage of the battle.(10) Sauptika Parva. (Sauptika = pertaining to sleep). This Parva tells us the tragic story of how Kṛpācārya, kṛtavarmā and aśvatthāmā who were the only three left with duryodhana after the great battle went into the camp of the pāṇḍavas at night and killed all the brave warriors of the Pāṇḍava army, excepting the pāṇḍavas, who were sleeping in their camp unaware of the foul play lying ahead.(11) strī Parva. (strī = woman). This Parva deals with the great lamentation in the battlefield, after the war, of gāndhārī and other women.(12) śānti Parva. yudhiṣṭhira was crowned king and even at that time bhīṣma was lying on his bed of arrows awaiting death. Before taking up his duties of the state yudhiṣṭhira went to where the grandsire lay dying and took his blessing and instruction in dharma. This instruction of Bhīṣmācārya to King yudhiṣṭhira of the three dharmas, Rājadharma, Āpaddharma and Mokṣadharma is the famous Śanti Parva.(13) anuśāsana parva. (Anuśāsana = Instruction). bhīṣma still on his death-bed continues his instructions on several topics, like duty, freedom and fasting, giving entertaining stories to illustrate the essence of his teaching. This Parva is devoted to this.(14) Āśvamedhika Parva. (aśvamedha = yāga conducted by emperors). This Parva deals with the yāga conducted by yudhiṣṭhira when he became the emperor of bhārata.(15) āśramavāsika parva. (Āśramavāsa = life in a hermitage). dhṛtarāṣṭra, the blind and his wife gāndhārī accompanied by kuntī left for the forests and lived there for two years in a hermitage. One day the forest caught fire and the three without trying to escape sat on the ground facing eastwards in yoga posture and calmly gave up themselves to the flames. This is dealt with in this Parva.(16) Mausala Parva. (Mausala = Mace). This Parva gives the story of how the Yādavas fought against each other with maces and were destroyed and how dvārakā sank down into the ocean. It describes the death of śrī kṛṣṇa and Balarāma also.(17) mahāprasthānika parva. (Mahāprasthāna = death). dharmaputra entrusts his kingdom to his successor and alongwith his four brothers and wife pāñcālī sets out on a long journey to mahāmeru never to return. This journey to death is detailed in this Parva.(18) svargārohaṇa parva. (Svarga = Heaven). This Parva describes the entry of the pāṇḍavas and their relatives into Svarga, heaven.3) Mode of Narration. Most of the verses in the mahābhārata are in the anuṣṭup metre. At certain places other metres also have been used. There are prose pieces also in it. There are twenty notable pieces, three in Ādi Parva, seven in Vana Parva, seven in śānti Parva and three in anuśāsana parva. All the pieces are statements by realised souls. The style of the poetry is simple and the method of presentation lively. At times the imagination of the poet extends up to the horizon. Though there is a flow of spiritualism throughout the matter is purely mundane.4) Authorship. Bhagavān vyāsa is believed to be the author of mahābhārata. He was a contemporary of the pāṇḍavas and the kauravas. Many of the events of the mahābhārata were personally witnessed by vyāsa. He took three years to write this book. The following ślokas will support the above:Kururāja kulasthānāṁ
Dṛṣṭaṁ vṛttaṁ ca yatsthitam ।
Tatsarvaṁ bhagavān Vyāso
Varṇayāmāsa Bhārate. ।।
(padma purāṇa)
Tribhirvarṣaiḥ sadotthāyi
Kṛṣṇadvaipāyano muniḥ ।
Mahābhāratamākhyānaṁ
Kṛtavānidamuttamam. ।। (Śloka 55, Chapter 62, Ādi Parva). The varāha purāṇa states that vyāsa composed the mahābhārata at a period when the end of dvāpara yuga merged with the dawn of the kaliyuga. The bhāgavata states that śrī kṛṣṇa passed away on the first day of kaliyuga. The bhāgavata is devoted to admire and praise the life of śrī kṛṣṇa. This book also is written by vyāsa. This śloka found in the first Chapter of Ādi Parva clears the doubt:Vāsudevasya māhātmyaṁ
Pāṇḍavānāṁ ca satyatām ।
Durvṛttaṁ Dhārttarāṣṭrāṇāṁ
Uktavān Bhagavānṛṣiḥ. ।। The original name of the bhārata which vyāsa composed was ‘Jaya’. In the first Chapter of Ādi Parva is this śloka to support this statement:Nārāyaṇaṁ namaskṛtya
Naraṁ caiva narottamaṁ ।
Devīṁ Sarasvatīṁ caiva
Tato Jayamudīrayet ।। After the death of the pāṇḍavas and the kauravas the disciples of vyāsa, sumantu, jaimini, paila, śuka and vaiśampāyana gave this book great publicity. They wrote books based on this story of bhārata of which only the ‘Bhārata’ of vaiśampāyana and the aśvamedha Parva of jaimini are now available.
Vyāsa's bhārata was first expounded by vaiśampāyana at the sarpa-satra of janamejaya. At the request of janamejaya, vaiśampāyana added some more facts to the original work known then as ‘Jaya’. jaya with the accretions came to be known as bhāratasaṁhitā. sūta who narrated this story to śaunaka and others at the forest of Naimiśa added some more matter to the bhāratasaṁhitā and made it larger. The present mahābhārata is this expanded edition.
The following facts prove that the mahābhārata has thus passed through three stages of evolution:1) This book is known by three names: jaya, bhāratasaṁhitā and mahābhārata.(1) (a) Jayo nāmetihāso'yaṁ
Śrotavyo vijigīṣuṇā (Śloka 22, Chapter 62, Ādi Parva).
(b) Caturviṁśati sāhasrīṁ
Cakre bhāratasaṁhitām
Upākhyānairvinā tāvad
Bhāratam procyate budhaiḥ
(Śloka 78, Chapter 1, Ādi Parva).
(c) Refer to the śloka given in para 1.)2) There is a reference to the three parts of the book in Śloka 66, Chapter 1 of Ādi Parva.(2) Manvādi Bhārataṁ kecid
Āstikādi tathāpare
Tathopari carādanye
Viprāḥ samyagadhīyire.)3) There are three different opinions regarding the total number of ślokas in the mahābhārata. According to ugraśravas there are 8800 verses, according to vyāsa 24000 verses and according to another statement a lakh of verses.(3) Idaṁ śatasahasraṁ tu lokānām puṇyakarmaṇām
Upākhyānaiḥ saha jñeyamādyaṁ bhāratamuttamam
Caturvimśati sāhasrīṁ cakre bhāratasaṁhitām
Upākhyānairvinā tāvad bhārataṁ procyate budhaiḥ
Aṣṭau ślokasahasrāṇi Aṣṭau ślokaśatāni ca
Ahaṁ vedmi śuko vetti Sañjayo vetti vā na vā. (Ādi Parva, Chapter 1).)4) The narration appears to be of three different kinds, descriptive, philosophical and oratorical, indicative of three different authorships.5) sūta and vaiśampāyana have made accretions to the original work ‘Jaya’ of vyāsa.
Viewed with these facts we are led to believe that vyāsa has composed only the very essence of mahābhārata comprising 8800 ślokas and that work was known as ‘Jaya’ as referred to in the first invocatory verse of the epic. vaiśampāyana added a few verses of his own and brought the number to 24, 000 and gave the book the name of ‘Bhāratasaṁhitā’. It was sūta who made many more additions and made the book so big as to fetch it the name of ‘Mahābhārata’. The epic which is now current among us contains a lakh of verses and it took perhaps centuries to get this transformation of the book from ‘Jaya’ to ‘Mahābhārata’.6) Period of publication. The kali varṣa starts from 3102 B.C. The great mahābhārata war was fought at a period when the end of dvāpara yuga merged into the dawn of kali yuga as could be gathered from the following verse from the epic:Antare caiva samprāpte
Kalidvāparayorabhūt ।
Samantapañcake yuddhaṁ
Kurupāṇḍavasenayoḥ. ।। (Śloka 13, Chapter 2, Ādi Parva). So it can be deduced that the great war was fought round about 3102 B.C. dhṛtarāṣṭra lived for eighteen years after the great battle and the pāṇḍavas ruled the country for 36 years. (strī Parva, M.B.). It was when śrī kṛṣṇa died that the pāṇḍavas ended their rule and commenced the Mahāprasthāna. So it can be surmised that śrī kṛṣṇa lived for 36 years after the war. śrī kṛṣṇa died on the first day of kali yuga, 3102 B.C. Therefore it is clear the mahābhārata battle was fought in 3138 B.C. There are indications in other purāṇas to support this theory. There was that rare phenomenon of a Saptagraha yoga (Combination in astronomical position of seven planets) while King parīkṣit, son of arjuna, was ruling the country.(1. (a) Saptarṣayo maghāyuktāḥ kāle pārikṣite śatam (matsya purāṇa 271. 46). (b) Te tu pārīkṣite kāle maghāsvāsan dvijottama (Visnu purāna 4, 24, 106).) This happened in a month of māgha (January) and a probe into the dates of such previous occurrences revealed that a similar one had happened in the month of māgha in the years 3177 and 477 B.C. (The next one is to happen in 2223 A.D.). This phenomenon repeats itself in every hundred years and so it is to be believed that one of the kind happened in 3077 B.C. precisely during the period of parīkṣit. It is therefore confirmatory to the statement that the great war occurred in 3138 B.C.
The pāṇḍavas ruled the country for 36 years after the war and vyāsa wrote this divine epic after the death of the pāṇḍavas. vyāsa took three years to complete his work. Therefore it can be well concluded that vyāsa wrote the epic in 3100 B.C. The pāṇḍavas commenced their Mahāprasthāna after entrusting the administration of the state into the hands of parīkṣit. This must have happened in 3102 B.C. parīkṣit ruled the country for 60 years and so his son janamejaya became King in 3042 B.C. It was after two years of his becoṁing King that he conducted the sarpasatra and it was at this sarpasatra that vaiśampāyana first expounded ‘Jaya’ (mahābhārata) to the sages assembled there.
This fixing of the date of mahābhārata is based on the conclusions arrived at by the pandits of bhārata, but foreign chronologists differ from us. They argue that it was in the 10th century B.C. that the mahābhārata battle took place on the strength of the following:
The theme of the mahābhārata is a fight between Kurus and Pāñcālas. After the war the two join and there is a statement in the yajurveda of a people formed by the merger of the two. Therefore the great war should have happened in the 10th century B.C. It was a period of hero-worship and songs on the heroic deeds of the Kurus and pāṇḍavas were sung and handed over from one generation to the other and gradually those songs took shape in the form of the mahābhārata.
There is another school of thought. In the mahābhārata, brahmā is given great prominence. But in Vedic times brahmā was not counted at all. During the golden period of the Buddhists brahmā had a conspicuous hold on Hinduism. Therefore it should be deduced that the mahābhārata was written during the 6th century B.C. Then there were about 8, 000 verses in the mahābhārata.
Towards the second stage of mahābhārata the epic grew in size bringing into its fold about 24, 000 ślokas. It was at this stage that the mahābhārata got a vaiṣṇavite colour and śrī kṛṣṇa was adored as an incarnation of viṣṇu. Megasthenes who visited india in 300 B.C. records that the majority of Hindus were vaiṣṇavites at that period. There are references in certain parts of the mahābhārata to Greeks and Buddhists. Therefore a set of foreign chronologists conclude that those portions of the mahābhārata could have been written only after buddha and after the attack on bhārata by the Greeks i.e. by 300 B.C.
The third stage of the mahābhārata is its present form and it was at this stage that it included new philosophy in it. The Dharmasaṁhitā of manusmṛti became popular in the fifth century A.D. and therefore the third stage of the mahābhārata must have started before that, in the 3rd century A.D.
शब्दकल्पद्रुमः
Sanskrit
महाभारतं,
क्ली,
 (महत् भारतम् । यद्वा, महान्तंभारं तनोतीति । महाभार + तन् + डः ।)व्यासप्रणीतेतिहासशास्त्रम् । तन्नामकारणंयथा, --“एकतश्चतुरो वेदा भारतञ्चैतदेकतः ।पुरा किल सुरैः सर्व्वैः समस्य तुलया धृतम् ॥
चतुर्भ्यः सरहस्येभ्यो वेदेभ्योऽभ्यधिकं यदा ।तदाप्रभृति लोर्कऽस्मिन् महाभारतमुच्यते ॥
महत्त्वाद्भारतत्वाच्च महाभारतमुच्यते ॥
”इति महाभारते आदिपर्व्व ॥
* ॥
लोकविशेषेषु तस्य श्लोकसंख्या वाचकाश्च यथा, “षष्टिं शतसहस्राणि चकारान्यां स संहिताम् ।त्रिंशच्छतसहस्रञ्च देवलोके प्रतिष्ठितम् ॥
पित्रे पञ्चदश प्रोक्तं रक्षोयक्षे चतुर्द्दश ।एकं शतसहस्रन्तु मानुषेषु प्रतिष्ठितम् ॥
नारदोऽश्रावयद्देवानसितो देवलः पितॄन् ।गन्धर्व्वयक्षरक्षांसि श्रावयामास वै शुकः ॥
अस्मिंस्तु मानुषे लोके वैशम्पायन उक्तवान् ॥
”इति महाभारते १ पर्व्वणि अनुक्रमणिका-ध्यायः ॥
* ॥
तत्र शतपर्व्वाणि तेष्वष्टादश मुख्यानियथा, --“आदिसभाविपिनानि विराट-प्रोद्यमभीष्मगुरूणि च कर्णः ।शल्यकसौप्तिकपर्व्व तथा स्त्री-शान्त्यनुशास्तितुरङ्गममेधाः ॥
आश्रममौषलयानिकनाकाःपर्व्वणि पर्व्वणि नाम विशेषाः ॥
इति भारतटीका ॥
* ॥
हरिवंशसहितोनविंशतिपर्व्वणामन्तर्गतशत-पर्व्वविभागस्तेषामध्यायश्लोकसंख्या च यथा, --१ आदिपर्व्वणि १९ पर्व्वाणि २२७ अध्यायाः८९८४ श्लोकाः ॥
२ सभापर्व्वणि ९ पर्व्वाणि७८ अध्यायाः २५११ श्लोकाः ॥
३ आरण्यक-पर्व्वणि १६ पर्व्वाणि २६९ अध्यायाः ११६६४श्लोकाः ॥
४ विराटपर्व्वणि ४ पर्व्वाणि ६७अध्यायाः २०५० श्लोकाः ॥
५ उद्योगपर्व्वणि११ पर्व्वाणि १८६ अध्यायाः ६६२८ श्लोकाः ॥
६ भीष्मपर्व्वणि ५ पर्व्वाणि ११७ अध्यायाः५८८४ श्लोकाः ॥
७ द्रोणपर्व्वणि ८ पर्व्वाणि१७० अध्यायाः ९९०९ श्लोकाः ॥
८ कर्णपर्व्वणि१ पर्व्व ६९ अध्यायाः ४९६४ श्लोकाः ॥
९ शल्य-पर्व्वणि ४ पर्व्वाणि ५९ अध्यायाः ३२२०श्लोकाः ॥
१० सौप्तिकपर्व्वणि ३ पर्व्वाणि १८अध्यायाः ८७० श्लोकाः ॥
११ स्त्रीपर्व्वणि ५पर्व्वाणि २७ अध्यायाः ७७५ श्लोकाः ॥
१२शान्तिपर्व्वणि ४ पर्व्वाणि ३३९ अध्यायाः१४७३२ श्लोकाः ॥
१३ अनुशासनपर्व्वणि १ पर्व्व१४६ अध्यायाः ८००० श्लोकाः ॥
१४ अश्वमेध-पर्व्वणि २ पर्व्वणी १०३ अध्यायाः ३३२०श्लोकाः ॥
१५ आश्रमवासपर्व्वणि ३ पर्व्वाणि४२ अध्यायाः १५०६ श्लोकाः ॥
१६ मौषल-पर्व्वणि १ पर्व्व ८ अध्यायाः ३०० श्लोकाः ॥
१७महाप्रास्थानिकपर्व्वणि १ पर्व्व ३ अध्यायाः३२० श्लोकाः ॥
१८ स्वर्गपर्व्वणि १ पर्व्व ५अध्यायाः २०० श्लोकाः । १९ हरिवंशे आश्चर्य्य-पर्व्वणि १ पर्व्व २४४ अध्यायाः १२००० श्लोकाः ॥
हरिवंशे भविष्यपौष्करप्रादुर्भावे १ पर्व्व ११२अध्यायाः ३४४८ श्लोकाः ॥
इति महाभारतेआदिपर्व्वणि पर्व्वसंग्रहनामकः २ अध्यायः ॥
* ॥
तच्छ्रवणविध्यादि यथा, --जनमेजय उवाच ।“भगवन् ! केन विधिना श्रोतव्यं भारतं बुधैः ।फलं किं के च देवाश्च पूज्या वै पारणेष्विह ॥
देयं समाप्ते भगवन् ! किञ्च पर्व्वणि पर्व्वणि ।वाचकः कीदृशश्चात्र एष्टव्यस्तद् ब्रवीहिमे ॥
* ॥
वैशम्पायन उवाच ।शृणु राजन् ! विधिमिमं फलं यच्चापि भार-तात् ।श्रुताद्भवति राजेन्द्र ! यत्त्वं मामनुपृच्छसि ॥
दिवि देवा महीपाल ! क्रीडार्थमवनिं गताः ।कृत्वा कार्य्यमिदञ्चैव ततश्च दिवमागताः ॥
हन्त यत्ते प्रवक्ष्यामि तच्छृणुष्व समाहितः ।ऋषीणां देवतानाञ्च सम्भवं वसुधातले ॥
अत्र रुद्रास्तथा साध्या विश्वेदेवाश्च शाश्वताः ।आदित्या अश्विनौ देवौ लोकपाला महर्षयः ॥
गुह्यकाश्च सगन्धर्व्वा नागा विद्याधरास्तथा ।सिद्धा धर्म्मः स्वयम्भुश्च मुनिः कात्यायनो वरः ॥
गिरयः सागरा नद्यस्तथैवाप्सरसां गणाः ।ग्रहाः संवत्सरश्चैव अयनान्यृतवस्तथा ॥
स्थावरं जङ्गमञ्चैव जगत् सर्व्वं सुरासुरम् ।भारते भरतश्रेष्ठ ! एकस्थमिह दृश्यते ॥
तेषां श्रुत्वा प्रतिष्ठानं नामकर्म्मानुकीर्त्तनात् ।कृत्वापि पातकं घोरं सद्यो मुच्येत मानवः ॥
* ॥
इति हासमिमं श्रुत्वा यथावदनुपूर्व्वशः ।संयतात्मा शुचिर्भूत्वा पारं गत्वा च भारत ! ॥
तेषां श्राद्धानि देयानि श्रुत्वा भारत ! भारतम् ।ब्राह्मणेभ्यो यथाशक्त्या भक्त्या च भरतर्षभ ! ॥
महादानानि देयानि रत्नानि विविधानि च ।गावः कांस्योपदोहाश्च कन्याश्चैव स्वलङ्कृताः ॥
सर्व्वकामगुणोपेता यानानि विविधानि च ।भवनानि विचित्राणि भूमिर्व्वासांसि काञ्चनम् ॥
वाहनानि च देयानि हया मत्ताश्च वारणाः ।शयनं शिविकाश्चैव स्यन्दनाश्च स्वलङ्कृताः ॥
यद्यद्गृहे वरं किञ्चित् यद्यदस्ति महद्बसु ।तत्तद्देयं द्विजातिभ्य आत्मा दाराश्च सूनवः ॥
श्रद्धया परया दत्तं क्रमशस्तस्य पारगः ।शक्तितः सुमना हृष्टः शुश्रूवुरविकल्पनः ॥
* ॥
सत्यार्ज्जवरतो दान्तः शुचिः शौचसमन्वितः ।श्रद्दधानो जितक्रोधो यथा सिध्यति तच्छृणु ॥
शुचिः शीलान्विताचारः शुक्लवासा जितेन्द्रियः ।संस्कृतः सर्व्वशास्त्रज्ञः श्रद्दधानोऽनसूयकः ॥
रूपवान् शुभगो दान्तः सत्यवादी जितेन्द्रियः ।दानमानगृहीतश्च कार्य्यो भवति वाचकः ॥
अविलम्बमनायस्तमद्रुतं धीरमूर्ज्जितम् ।असंसक्ताक्षरपदं रसभावसमन्वितम् ॥
त्रिषष्टिवर्णसंयुक्तमष्टस्थानसमन्वितम् ।वाचयेद्बाचकः स्वस्थः स्वासीनः सुसमाहितः ॥
नारायणं नमस्कृत्य नरञ्चैव नरोत्तमम् ।देवीं स्वरस्वतीञ्चैव ततो जयमुदीरयेत् ॥
ईदृशाद्वाचकाद्राजन् ! शुत्वा भारत ! भारतम् ।नियमस्थः शुचिः श्रोता शृण्वन् स फलमश्नुते ॥
पारणं प्रथमं प्राप्य द्विजान् कामैश्च तर्पयन् ।अग्निष्टोमस्य यागस्य फलं वै लभते नरः ॥
अप्सरोगणसङ्कीर्णं विमानं लभते महत् ।प्रहृष्टः स तु देवैश्च दिवं याति समाहितः ॥
द्बितीयं पारणं प्राप्य अतिरात्रफलं लभेत् ।सर्व्वरत्नमयं दिव्यं विमानमधिरोहति ॥
दिव्यमाल्याम्बरधरो दिव्यगन्धविभूषितः ।दिव्याङ्गदधरो नित्यं देवलोके महीयते ॥
तृतीयं पारणं प्राप्य द्वादशाहफलं लभेत् ।वसत्यमरङ्काशो वर्षाण्ययुतशो दिवि ॥
चतुर्थे वाजपेयस्य पञ्चमे द्विगुणं फलम् ।उदितादित्यसङ्काशं ज्वलन्तमनलोपमम् ॥
विमानं विबुधैः सार्द्धमारुह्य दिवि गच्छति ।वर्षायुतानि भवने शक्रस्य दिवि मोदते ॥
षष्ठे द्बिगुणमस्तीह सप्तमे त्रिगुणं फलम् ।कैलासशिखराकारं वैदूर्य्यमयवेदिकम् ॥
परिक्षिप्तञ्च बहुधा मणिविद्रुमभूषितम् ।विमानं समधिष्ठाय कामगं साप्सरोगणम् ॥
सर्व्वान् लोकान् विचरते द्वितीय इव भास्करः ।अष्टमे राजसूयस्य पारणे लभते फलम् ॥
चन्द्रादयनिभं रम्यं विमानमधिरोहति ।चन्द्ररश्मिप्रतीकाशैर्हयैर्युक्तं मनोजवैः ॥
सेव्यमानो वरस्त्रीणां चन्द्रात् कान्ततरैर्म्मुखै ।मेखलानां निनादेन नूपुराणाञ्च निस्वनैः ॥
अङ्के परमनारीणां सुखसुप्तो विबुध्यते ।नवमे क्रतुराजस्य वाजिमेधस्य भारत ! ॥
काञ्चनस्तम्भनिर्यहं वैदूर्य्यकृतवेदिकम् ।जाम्बूनदमयैर्द्दिव्यैर्गवाक्षैः सर्व्वतो वृतम् ॥
सेवितं चाप्सरःसङ्घैर्गन्धर्व्वैर्द्दिवि चारिभिः ।विमानं समधिष्ठाय श्रिया परमया ज्वलन् ॥
दिव्यमाल्याम्बरधरो दिव्यचन्दनरूषितः ।मोदते दैवतैः सार्द्धं दिवि देव इवापरः ॥
दशमं पारणं प्राप्य द्विजातीनभिवन्द्य च ।किङ्किणीजालनिर्घोषं पताकाध्वजशोभितम् ॥
वसुदेविकसंकाशं वैदूर्य्यमणितोरणम् ।हेमजालपरिक्षिप्तं प्रबालबडभीमुखम् ॥
गन्धर्व्वैर्गीतकुशलैरप्सरोभिश्च शोभितम् ।विमानं सुकृतावासं सुखेनैवोपपद्यते ॥
मुकुटेनार्कवर्णेन जाम्बू नदविभूषिणा ।दिव्यचन्दनदिग्धाङ्गो दिव्यमाल्यविभूषितः ।दिव्यान् लोकान् विचरति दिव्यैर्भोगैः सम-न्वितः ।विबुधानां प्रसादेन श्रिया परमया युतः ॥
अथ वर्षगणानेवं स्वर्गलोके महीयते ॥
अथ गन्धर्व्वसहितः सहस्राण्येकविंशतिम् ।पुरन्दरपुरे रम्ये शक्रेण सह मोदते ॥
दिव्ययानविमानेषु लोकेषु विविधेषु च ।दिव्यनारीगणाकीर्णो निवसत्यमरो यथा ॥
ततः सूर्य्यस्य भवने चन्द्रस्य भवने तथा ।शिवस्य भवने राजन् ! विष्णोर्याति सलोक-ताम् ॥
एवमेतन्महाराज ! नात्र कार्य्या विचारणा ।श्रद्दधानेन वै भाव्यमेवमाह गुरुर्मम ॥
* ॥
लेखकस्थ तु दातव्यं मनसा यद्यदिच्छति ।हस्त्यश्वरथयानानि वाहनञ्च विशेषतः ॥
कटकं कुण्डलञ्चैव ब्रह्मसूत्रं तथापरम् ।वस्त्रञ्चैव विचित्रञ्च गन्धञ्चैव विशेषतः ।देववत् पूजयेत्तन्तु विष्णुलोकमवाप्नुयात् ॥
* ॥
अतः परं प्रवक्ष्यामि यानि देयानि भारते ।वाच्यमाने तु विप्रेभ्यो राजन् ! पर्व्वणि पर्व्वणि ॥
जातिं देशञ्च सत्त्वञ्च माहात्म्यं भरतर्षभ ! ।धर्म्मवृत्तिञ्च विज्ञाय क्षत्त्रियाणां नराधिप ! ॥
स्वस्तिवाच्य द्विजानादौ ततः कार्य्ये प्रवर्त्तते ।समाप्ते पर्व्वणि ततः स्वशक्त्या पूजयेत् द्बिजान् ॥
आदौ तु वाचकन्तत्र वस्त्रगन्धसमन्वितम् ।विधिवद्भोजयेद्राजन् ! मधु पायसमुत्तमम् ॥
ततो मूलफलप्रायं पायसं मधुसर्पिषा ।आस्तीके भोजयेद्राजन् ! दद्याच्चैव गुडौदनम् ॥
अपूपैश्चैव पूपैश्च मोदकैश्च समन्वितम् ।सभापर्व्वणि राजेन्द्र ! हविष्यं भोजयेद् द्विजान् ॥
आरण्यके मूलफलैस्तर्पयेत्तु द्बिजोत्तमान् ।अरणीपर्व्व चासाद्य जलकुम्भान् प्रदापयेत् ॥
तर्पणानि च मुख्यानि रम्यमूलफलानि च ॥
सर्व्वकामगुणोपेतं विप्रेभ्योऽन्नं प्रदापयेत् ।विराटपर्व्वणि तथा वासांसि विविधानि च ॥
उद्योगे भरतश्रेष्ठ ! सर्व्वकामगुणान्वितम् ।भोजनं भोजयेद्विप्रान् गन्धमाल्यैरलङ्कृतान् ॥
भीष्मपर्व्वणि राजेन्द्र ! दत्त्वा यानमनुत्तमम् ।ततः सर्व्वगुणोपेतमन्नं दद्यात् सुसंस्कृतम् ॥
द्रोणपर्व्वणि विप्रेभ्यो भोजनं परमार्च्चितम् ।शराश्च देया राजेन्द्र ! चापान्यसिवरास्तथा ॥
कर्णपर्व्वण्यपि तथा भोजनं सार्व्वकामिकम् ।विप्रेभ्यः संस्कृतं सम्यक् दद्यात् संयतमानसः ॥
शल्यपर्व्वणि राजेन्द्र ! मोदकैः सगुडौदनैः ।अपूपैस्तर्पणैश्चैव सर्व्वमन्नं प्रदापयेत् ॥
गदापर्व्वण्यपि तथा मुद्गमिश्रं प्रदापयेत् ॥
स्त्रीपर्व्वणि तथा रत्नैस्तर्पयेत्तु द्बिजोत्तमान् ।घृतौदनं पुरस्ताच्च ऐषीके दापयेत् पुनः ॥
ततः सर्व्वगुणोपेतमन्नं दद्यात् सुसंस्कृतम् ।शान्तिपर्व्वण्यपि तथा हविष्यं भोजयेद्द्बिजान् ॥
आश्वमेधिकमासाद्य भोजनं सार्व्वकामिकम् ।तथाश्रमनिवासे तु हविष्यम्भोजयेत् द्बिजान् ॥
मौषले सार्व्वगुणिकं गन्धमाल्यानुलेपनम् ।महाप्रास्थानिके तद्वत् सर्व्वकामगुणान्वितम् ॥
स्वर्गपर्व्वण्यपि तथा हविष्यं भोजयेद्द्विजान् ।हरिवंशे पर्व्वणि च पायसं तत्र भोजयेत् ॥
पारणे पारणे राजन् ! यथावद्भरतर्षभ ! ।समाप्य सर्व्वाः प्रयतः संहिताः शास्त्र-कोविदः ॥
* ॥
शुभे देशे निवेश्याथ क्षौमवस्त्राभिसंवृताः ।शुक्लाम्बरधरः स्रग्वी शुचिर्भूत्वा स्वलङ्कृतः ॥
अर्च्चयेत यथान्यायं गन्धमाल्यैः पृथक् पृथक् ।संहितापुस्तकान् राजन् ! प्रयतः सुसमा-हितः ॥
भक्ष्यैर्म्माल्यैश्च पेयैश्च कामैश्च विविधैः शुभैः ।हिरण्यञ्च सुवर्णञ्च दक्षिणामथ दापयेत् ॥
देवताः कीर्त्तयेत् सर्व्वा नरनारायणौ तथा ।ततो गन्धैश्च माल्यैश्च स्वलंकृत्य द्बिजोत्तमान् ॥
तर्पयेद्विविधैः कामैर्दानैश्चोच्चावचैस्तथा ।अतिरात्रस्य यज्ञस्य फलं प्राप्नोति मानवः ॥
प्राप्नुयाच्च क्रतुफलं तथा पर्व्वणि पर्व्वणि ।वाचको भरतश्रेष्ठ ! व्यक्ताक्षरपदस्वरः ॥
भविष्यं श्रावयेद्बिद्वान् भारतं भरतर्षभ ! ।भुक्तवत्सु द्विजेन्द्रषु यथावत् संप्रदापयेत् ॥
वाचकं भरतश्रेष्ठ ! भोजयित्वा स्वलङ्कृतम् ।वाचके परितुष्टे तु शुभा प्रीतिरनुत्तमा ॥
ब्राह्मणेषु तु तुष्टेषु प्रसन्नाः सर्व्वदेवताः । * ।ततो हि वरणं कार्य्यं द्विजानां भरतर्षभ ! ॥
सर्व्वकामैर्यथान्यायं साधुभिश्च पृथग्विधैः ।इत्येष विधिरुद्दिष्टो मया ते द्विपदां वर ! ॥
श्रद्दधानेन वै भाव्यं यन्मां त्वं परिपृच्छसि ।भारतश्रवणाद्राज्ञा पारणे च नृपोत्तम ! ॥
सदा यत्नवता भाव्यं श्रेयस्तु परमिच्छता । * ।भारतं शृणुयान्नित्यं भारतं परिकीर्त्तयेत् ।भारतं भवने यस्य तस्य हस्तगतो जयः ॥
भारतं परमं पुण्यं भारते विविधाः कथाः ।भारतं सेव्यते देवैर्भारतं परमं पदम् ॥
भारतं सर्व्वशास्त्राणामुत्तमं भरतर्षभ ! ।भारतात् प्राप्यते मोक्षस्तत्त्वमेतद्ब्रवीमि ते ॥
महाभारत्तमाख्यान क्षितिं गाञ्च सरस्वतीम् ।ब्राह्मणान् केशवञ्चैव कीर्त्तयन्नावसीदति ॥
वेदे रामायणे पुण्ये भारते भरतर्षभ ! ।आदौ चान्ते च मध्ये च हरिः सर्व्वत्र गीयते ॥
यत्र विष्णुकथा दिव्याः श्रुतयश्च सनातनाः ।तच्छ्रोतव्यं मनुष्येण परं पदमिहेच्छता ॥
एतत् पवित्रं परममेतद्धर्म्मनिदर्शनम् ।एतत् सर्व्वगुणोपेतं श्रोतव्यं भूतिमिच्छता ॥
”इति महाभारते हरिवंशे सर्व्वपर्व्वानुकीर्त्त-नम् ॥
* ॥
त्रिषष्ठिवर्णसंयुक्तमित्यत्र त्रिषष्टि-वर्णाः । अ इ उ ऋ ऌ इति ह्रस्वपञ्चकम् ।आ ई ऊ ॠ ॡ इति दीर्घपञ्चकम् । आ ईऊ ऋ ॡ इति प्लुतपञ्चकम् । ए ओ ऐ औ चदीर्घाः । प्लुतत्वेनापरचतुष्टयम् । अं अः क +पँ इति चत्वारः । ॠ ॡ इति अच्संज्ञकौद्बौ । अनुनासिकश्चैकः । तथा कादिमावसानाःपञ्चविंशतिवर्णाः । अन्तःस्थाश्चत्वारः । उष्म-चतुष्टयमिति त्रिषष्टिः । इति ॥
* ॥
वर्णानांकिलाष्टौ स्थानानि भवन्ति तानि यथा, --“उरः कण्ठः शिरस्तालु जिह्वादन्तौष्ठ-नासिकाः ।अष्टौ स्थानानि वर्णानां ये विदुस्ते हिपाठकाः ॥
” * ॥
पारणं यथा, --“भारतं शतपर्व्वोक्तं मुनिना तत्त्वदर्शिना ।पर्व्वभिर्द्दशभिश्चैषां पर्व्वणां पारणं स्मृतम् ॥
”इति विक्रमादित्यः ॥
“द्यूतान्तं प्रथमं प्रोक्तं द्बितीयं वनवासिकम् ।उद्योगान्तं तृतीयन्तु भीष्मान्तञ्च तुरीयकम् ॥
पञ्चमं द्रोणपर्व्वान्तं कर्णान्तं पारणं ततः ।विशोकान्तं सप्तमन्तु शान्तिपर्व्वान्तमष्टमम् ॥
नवमं स्वर्गपर्व्वान्तमाश्चर्य्यान्तमतः परम् ॥
”इति च भारतटीकायां अर्ज्जुनमिश्रः ॥
(अन्यत्सर्व्वं भारतशब्दे द्रष्टव्यम् ॥
)
वाचस्पत्यम्
Sanskrit
महाभारत
पु०
न०
 “चत्वारश्चैकतो वेदा भारतञ्चैवमेकतः ।पुरा किल सुरैः सर्वैः समस्य तुलया धृतम् । चतुर्भ्यःसरहस्येभ्यो वेदेभ्योऽभ्यधिकं यदा । तदा प्रभृतिलोकेऽस्मिन् महाभारतमुच्यते । महत्त्वात् भारत-त्वाच्च महाभारतमुच्यते” इत्युक्तलक्षणे व्यासप्रणीतेलक्षश्लोकात्मके ग्रन्थभेदे भारतशब्दे दृश्यम् ।
Capeller
German
महाभारत (mit u. ohne आहव o. युद्ध) der
große Kampf der Bharata
n.
 (mit u.
ohne आख्यान्) die Erzählung von dems.
(das große Epos).