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चिद् (cid)

 
Capeller Eng
English
चिद्
adv.
 even, indeed, also, just, always, at every time
w.
neg. not even. Often only emphasizing the
prec.
 word
in l. l. only
after an interrog. & जातु.
Spoken Sanskrit
English
चिद् - cid - adverb - indeed
चिद् - cid - adverb - and
चिद् - cid - adverb - like
चिद् - cid - adverb - as well as
चिद् - cid - adverb - both
चिद् - cid - adverb - even
चिद् - cid - adverb - also
Monier Williams Cologne
English
1. चिद् in comp. for चित्.
2. चिद्
ind.
 even, indeed, also (often merely laying stress on a preceding word
requiring a preceding simple verb to be accentuated [Pāṇ. viii, 1, 57] as well as a verb following, if चिद् is preceded by an interrogative pron. [48]
in
Class.
 only used after interrogative pronouns and adverbs to render them indefinite, and after जातु, q.v.),
RV.
VS.
AV.
like (added to the stem of a
subst.
 , e.g. अग्नि-, राज-),
Nir.
 i, 4
Pāṇ.
 viii, 2, 101
चिद्-चिद् or चिद्-च or चिद्-उ, as well as, both-and,
RV.
Monier Williams 1872
English
चिद् चिद्, ind. [cf. 2. च and इद्], an enclitic
particle, requiring in the Veda a preceding simple
verb to retain its accent. In the Pada-pāṭha चिद् is
considered as an independent word (कश् चिद् &c.
being always separated into two words). In later
Sanskrit it is generally a particle affixed to interroga-
tive pronouns to render them indefinite. The use
of चिद् in Vedic Sanskrit is principally to lay stress or
emphasis on a preceding word or to extend or limit
the sense. Hence it is often translateable by ‘even, ’
‘indeed, ’ ‘also, ’ ‘at least, ’ ‘just, ’ ‘merely, ’ &c. (e. g.
देवाश् चिद्, the gods indeed
एकस्य चिद्, of one
merely)
or when preceded by a negative particle by
‘not even’ (e. g. न देवाश् चिद्, not even the gods):
but its force may often be expressed by merely laying
an emphasis on the word by which it is preceded.
Hence in Nirukta I. 4. it is said to be used पूजायाम्,
i. e. for enhancing the force of a word. It is also
stated by Yāska to be a particle of comparison
(उपमार्थे). The following Vedic uses of चिद्
may be noted
यच् चिद्, यथा चिद्, = when indeed,
as indeed
चिद् — चिद् or चिद् — च or चिद् — उ, = as well
as — as
both — and.
चिद् is often joined to interrogative pronouns and
adverbs (see 2. क, कतम, कतर, कद्, किम्,
कथम्, कदा, कुतस्, क्व, &c.) to render them
indefinite
especially in classical Sanskrit, where the
only other word after which it is found is जातु, q. v.
Macdonell
English
चिद् ci-d, enc. pcl. [n. of interrogative, Lat. 🞄-quid] in V. emphasizing preceding word (but 🞄often to be rendered by stress merely), even, 🞄just, very, at least
generalizing nouns, every, 🞄all, and esp. pns. and cjs., -ever, all: with 🞄neg. not even
in C. it is used only with interrogatives 🞄(and jātu), rendering them indefinite.
Benfey
English
चिद् चिद् (properly acc.
n.
 of a lost
indefinite pronoun चि = τι
Lat. qui + s),
a particle giving to the preceding word
an indefinite signification: Any, Chr.
292, 5 = Rigv. i. 86, 5
Chr. 290, 3 =
Rigv. i. 64, 3. All, Chr. 288, 3 = Rigv.
i. 49, 3. In classic language it is only
used after derivatives of the interro-
gative pronouns किम्, and जतु, and
gives them an indefinite signification
cf. कथम्, कदा, किम्, कुतस्, क्व, and
जातु। -- Cf. Lat. -que (= Oscan -pid) in
quando-que = कदा चिद्, (qui)-cum-
que = कम् चिद्।
Lanman
English
cid, encl. pcl.
—1. emphasizes, sometimes
very gently, the preceding word: even,
7810, 15
just, 74^2, 79^4
yāś cid, what
very ones, 70^16
at least, 79^14
—2. generalizes
a pron.: yé cid…tā́ṃś cid, whatsoever…,
unto all those, 91^10
so far
Vedic
—3. in classical Skt., very common
w. an interr., rendering it indef.: kaś cid,
a certain
na kā cid, not any
see ka,
kad, kadā, karhi, kva. [acc. s. n. of
pron. root ka, ki (505), w. palatalization:
1111a.]
वाचस्पत्यम्
Sanskrit
चिद्
अव्य०
 । चित् + पृषो० । १ असाकल्ये चिच्छब्दार्थे । तस्यअसाकल्यार्थत्वेऽपि “अथ निपाता उच्चावच्चेष्वर्थेषुनिपतन्त्युपमार्थेऽपि” निरुक्तोक्तेः अव्ययानामनेकार्मत्वात् वा २ उपमायाम् । “दघि चिदित्युप-मार्थे” निरु० । ३ निन्दायाम् “कुन्माषांश्चिदाहरेदितिकुत्सिते” निरु० । “चनचिदिवगोत्रादितद्विताम्रेडि-तेषु गतेः” पा० षट्मु परेषु तिङन्तं नानुदात्तम् ।देवः पचति चित्” सि० कौ० “किंवृत्तं च चिदुत्तरम्”पा० । “अविद्यमानपूर्वं चिदुत्तरं यत् किंवृत्तं तद्युक्तंतिङन्तं नानुदात्तम्” । “विभक्त्यन्तं डतरडतमान्त-किमोरूपं किं वृत्तम्” सि० कौ० ।
Capeller
German
चिद् Adv. sogar, selbst, auch
mit Neg
nicht einmal (sp. meist nur verallgemeinernd
nach Interrog).
Grassman
German
cid, ursprünglich neutr. des Interrogativstammes, aber nur als tonlose Partikel an ein betontes Wort gefügt, welches dadurch hervorgehoben wird
besteht der hervorzuhebende Begriff aus mehrern Worten, so wird cid in der Regel hinter das erste derselben gestellt. Vollständig sind hier aufgeführt die Stellen bis zum _{306, 1}. Liede, von da an nur einzelne. Am häufigsten drückt es 1〉 aus, dass die Aussage von jenem Begriffe gilt, obgleich man es gerade von diesem nicht erwartet hätte, wo es dann durch: sogar, selbst, auch wiedergegeben werden kann, z. B. ā́ dṛḍhám cid árujas ({266, 16}), sogar den festen (Stall) zerbrachst du
in diesem Sinne steht es nach: vīḍú {6, 5}
{71, 2}
vīḍós {101, 4}
sthirā́ {303, 10}
{167, 7}
ácyutā {85, 4}
dṛḍhám {266, 16}
dṛḍhásya {63, 5}
dṛḍhā́ {64, 3}
{127, 4}
{279, 2}
dādṛhāṇám {85, 10}
dabhrébhis {31, 6}
dabhrásya {81, 2}
vṛddhásya {51, 9}
mahā́ntam {51, 6}
máhi {299, 14}
mahás {169, 1}
{173, 12}(?)
āmā́su {62, 9}
pā́kāya {243, 7}
gúhā {6, 5}
yujás {10, 9}
dhánvan {38, 7}
dívā {38, 9}
diaús {52, 10}
divás {49, 1}
{55, 1}
{59, 5}
{60, 2}
{240, 2}. _{240, 7}
{414, 3}
pṛthivī́ {39, 6}
{414, 2}
dyā́vā {203, 13} (pṛthivī́)
ródasī {240, 10}
{290, 7}
samudrásya {167, 2}
giráyas {63, 1}
párvatas {202, 7}
{414, 2}. _{414, 3}
vánā {414, 2}
bhayé {40, 8}
bhayé ā́ {218, 5}
aṃhós {107, 1}
saséna {51, 3}
gnā́s {61, 8}
sū́ram {86, 5}
rā́tryās {94, 7}
andhé {100, 8}
vrā́dhatas {100, 9}
purū́ {127, 3}
{292, 5}
ékasya {165, 10}
jīrā́s {135, 9}
priyā́t {140, 11}
nítye {148, 3}
ārā́ttāt {167, 9}
vavavrúṣas {173, 5}
ā́pas {178, 2}
{229, 2}
{290, 7}
śíriṇāyām {201, 3}
ámartiam {202, 2}
śúṣmāt {203, 13}
devā́s {214, 2}
devā́sas {235, 13}
ugrásya {214, 11}
paramā́ {218, 3}
{264, 2}
kumārás {224, 12}
gṛ́tsāya {235, 2}
áśmānam {312, 6}
juhurāṇás {173, 11}
áditsantam {494, 3}
so auch in {264, 5} imé cid ródasī apāré
{80, 11} imé cid ‥ mahī́
{221, 8} tyám cid śárdhantam
{37, 11} tiám cid ghā dīrghám pṛthúm
ferner nach vṛtrásya {61, 6}
śarásya {116, 22}
śúṣṇasya {54, 5}
{121, 10}
ghóṣāyai {117, 7}
tváṣṭā {80, 14}
agnís {169, 3}
áśnasya {211, 5}.
2〉 in gleichem Sinne das nicht zu erwartende als wirklich hervorhebend, aber in schwächerm Grade, sodass es deutsch oft nur durch stärkere Betonung auszudrücken ist, nach: sadyás {8, 9}
{129, 1}
{291, 1}
{303, 9}
ádhā {180, 7}
átas {270, 6}
átrā {187, 7}
íti {395, 17}
ahám {120, 6}
tuám {299, 4}
yuvā́m {180, 8}
vayám {180, 7}
idám {265, 9}
sá {68, 7}
{191, 10}
{876, 2}
[Page455] tā́s {191, 12}
tád {30, 4}
tyám {110, 3}
jiók {33, 15}
trís {34, 1}
catúras {41, 9}
váyas {49, 3}
{124, 12}
tváṣṭā {52, 7}
ádrau {70, 4}
ugrám {129, 10}
krátvā {138, 3}
prahoṣé {150, 2}
sumatáye {158, 2}
cikitúṣas {164, 6}
bhū́ri {185, 9}
{273, 8}
samānám {203, 8}
rambhī́ {206, 9}
pitúr {235, 9}
pitré {265, 12}
apás {265, 16}
svadháyā {269, 10}
divás {273, 2}
yamā́ {273, 3}
paraśúm, śimbalám, ukhā́ {287, 22}
náras {288, 4}
vṛṣabhás {299, 10}
víśvam {37, 15}
viśvátas {269, 2}
abhivlágyā {133, 2}
in gleichem Sinne auch nach einfachen Verben, z. B. {135, 9} dhánvan 〰 yé anāśávas, „welche dahineilen, obwol rosselos“, und nach den Richtungswörtern zusammengesetzter Verben: párā (vavṛjus) {33, 5}
ā́ (bharati) {152, 3}
ā́ (karati) {318, 1}. Die angegebene Bedeutung ist auch da festzuhalten, wo cid scheinbar anreihend steht, z. B. {218, 11} pākíā cid dhīríā cid, „auch in Einfalt, auch in Weisheit“
{306, 5} idā́ cid áhnas idā́ cid aktós, „auch heute am Tage, auch heute in der Nacht“.
3〉 verallgemeinernd in dem Sinne „jeder, alle“ (vgl. kás cid u. s. w.), so nach hṛdayāvídhas {24, 8}
kṛtám (énas) {24, 9}
{241, 10}
{306, 7}
kīrés {31, 13}
sūrím {173, 7}
sūrís {176, 4}
sūrī́n {173, 8}
rírikṣantam {129, 10}
vidúṣā {156, 1}
nā́ma {156, 3}
nā́māni {72, 3}
āśúbhis, átamānam, abhyárṣūṇām {229, 3}
vedhásas {302, 1}
priyā́ṇi (vásu) {304, 3}
ādhrás, turás, rā́jā {557, 2}
ánniyate {298, 7}
purā́ {221, 4}.
4〉 dieselbe verallgemeinernde Bedeutung hat es auch, wo es nach Relativen oder Conjunctionen steht, namentlich yás cid, „welcher irgend, welcher überhaupt, jeder welcher“, so nach yás {24, 4}
{84, 9}
yé {48, 14}
yā́s {32, 8}. Wenn auch im Hauptsatze die Allgemeinheit hervorgehoben werden soll, so steht cid hinter dem Demonstrativ noch einmal, z. B. {179, 2} yé cid ‥ té cid, „welche irgend …, die alle“
so yád cid (yác cid), „wenn irgend, wenn überhaupt“, besonders mit der gleichfalls verallgemeinernden Wiederholung: dyávi-dyavi {25, 1}
devám-devam {26, 6}
gṛhé-gṛhe {28, 5}
im Nachsatze folgt dann gern das auf einen beschränkende íd ({26, 6})
mit tú im Nachsatze: „wenn auch ‥, so doch ‥“ {29, 1}
so yád cid oder yáthā cid mit folgendem Imperfect und dem Imperativ im Nachsatze in dem Sinne „wenn irgend früher ‥, so gerade jetzt ‥“ oder „wie früher stets ‥, so auch jetzt“ {628, 6} (mit purā́)
{665, 19}
{433, 1}
so yáthā cid … tád íd in {410, 2}: yáthā cid mányase hṛdā́ tád íd me jagmus āśásas, „wie du (jedesmal) meinst im Herzen, dahin (gerade) ging mein Verlangen.“ Aehnlich ist die Bedeutung in den seltenen Fällen, wo cid an Conjunctionen gefügt wird, wie an utá‿u {241, 10}
{943, 2}
oder an mā́ {621, 1}.
5〉 An fragende Pronomen ká, káya, káti, katidhā́, katithá, kád, kadā́, kútas, kútra, kúha, kū́ gefügt, gibt cid denselben entweder indefinite oder noch häufiger verallgemeinernde Bedeutung (irgendein, jeder u. s. w.)
s. dort.
6〉 nū́ cid s. unter nú.
cid:
1〉 dṛḍhā́ni {168, 4}
aṃhós {217, 4}
yújyam {156, 2}
ábhaktam {264, 7}
ā́pas {290, 4}. — 2〉 mártānām, vṛdhé {298, 18}
-ā́ (dárdarṣi) {203, 15}. — 3〉 anyátas {4, 5}
ādhrásya {31, 14}.
Stchoupak
French
१ चिद्-
iic. pour 2 चित्-।
२ चिद्
particule enclit., rend indéfinis les pronoms et adv.
interrogatifs (v. क- किम् य-, etc.).