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मास (mAsa)

 
शब्दसागरः
English
मास
m.
 (-सः)
1. A month, the twelfth part of the Hindu year
it is
usually a lunar one, consisting of thirty Tithis, but it may be a
Saura or solar month, being equal to the sun's passage through
a sign of the zodiac
there is also a Savan month, consisting of
thirty risings and settings of the sun
a Nākshatra month, or
month regulated by the lunar asterisms, and a fifth description
of month called Vārhaspatya, depending on the motions of the
planet JUPITER
the lunar month also, being of two kinds, as
reckoned from the new or from the full moon, completes six
different modes of monthly computation.
2. A jeweller's weight:
see माष.
E.
 मास् the moon,
aff.
 अण्
or मस् to measure, (the year
by it, )
aff.
 घञ् ।
Capeller Eng
English
मा॑स
m.
 (adj. —°
f.
 ई) moon (only —°), month.
Yates
English
मास (सः) 1.
m.
 A month
a weight.
Spoken Sanskrit
English
मास - mAsa -
m.
 - month
मासिक - mAsika -
adj.
 - monthly
मासिकी - mAsikI -
adj.
f.
 - monthly
गतमासे - gatamAse - adverb - lastmonth
पूर्वस्मिन् मासी - pUrvasminmAsI -
f.
 - lastmonth
गतमास - gatamAsa -
m.
 - lastmonth
आगामि-मासे - AgAmi-mAse - phrase - nextmonth
प्रतिमासम् - pratimAsam -
indecl.
 - everymonth
अस्मिन् मासे - asminmAse - phrase - inthismonth
मासिक - mAsika -
adj.
 - relatingtoamonth
अस्मिन् मासे कृत्स्नी - asminmAsekRtsnI -
f.
 - throughoutthismonth
अस्मिन् मासे प्रायेण शीतल - asminmAseprAyeNazItala -
m.
 - Usuallyitiscoldinthismonth.
मार्गशीर्ष - mArgazIrSa -
m.
 - lunarmonthspanningNovember-December
मासे कति चित्राणि पश्यति? - mAsekaticitrANipazyati? -
sent.
 - Howoftendoyougotofilmsinamonth?
अस्मिन् मासे कति विरामः? - asminmAsekativirAmaH? -
sent.
 - Howmanyholidays(arethere)thismonth?
मासफल - mAsaphala -
adj.
 - month
भूमकतृतीया - bhUmakatRtIyA -
f.
 - month
अहर्गण - ahargaNa -
m.
 - month
मासक - mAsaka -
m.
 - month
यव्य - yavya -
m.
 - month
मास - mAsa -
m.
 - month
मासिक - mAsika -
adj.
 - monthly
मासिकी - mAsikI -
adj.
f.
 - monthly
गतमासे - gatamAse - adverb - lastmonth
पूर्वस्मिन् मासी - pUrvasminmAsI -
f.
 - lastmonth
गतमास - gatamAsa -
m.
 - lastmonth
आगामि-मासे - AgAmi-mAse - phrase - nextmonth
प्रतिमासम् - pratimAsam -
indecl.
 - everymonth
अस्मिन् मासे - asminmAse - phrase - inthismonth
मासिक - mAsika -
adj.
 - relatingtoamonth
अस्मिन् मासे कृत्स्नी - asminmAsekRtsnI -
f.
 - throughoutthismonth
अस्मिन् मासे प्रायेण शीतल - asminmAseprAyeNazItala -
m.
 - Usuallyitiscoldinthismonth.
मार्गशीर्ष - mArgazIrSa -
m.
 - lunarmonthspanningNovember-December
मासे कति चित्राणि पश्यति? - mAsekaticitrANipazyati? -
sent.
 - Howoftendoyougotofilmsinamonth?
अस्मिन् मासे कति विरामः? - asminmAsekativirAmaH? -
sent.
 - Howmanyholidays(arethere)thismonth?
मासफल - mAsaphala -
adj.
 - month
भूमकतृतीया - bhUmakatRtIyA -
f.
 - month
अहर्गण - ahargaNa -
m.
 - month
मासक - mAsaka -
m.
 - month
यव्य - yavya -
m.
 - month
मास - mAsa -
m.
 - month
मास - mAsa -
m.
 - symbolical name for the number twelve
मास - mAsa -
m.
 - month or the 12th part of the Hindu year
मास - mAsa -
m.
 - moon
मास-मात्रे - mAsa-mAtre -
indecl.
 - in a month
अगस्त-मास - agasta-mAsa -
m.
 - August
Wilson
English
मास
m.
 (-सः)
1 A month, the twelfth part of the Hindu year
it is usually a lunar one,
consisting of thirty Tithis, but it may be a Saura or solar month,
being equal to the sun's passage through a sign of the zodiac
there is also a
Sāvana month, consisting of thirty risings and settings of the sun
a
Nākṣatra month, or month regulated by the lunar asterisms, and a fifth
description of month called Vārhaspatya, depending on the motions of the
planet JUPITER
the lunar month also, being of two kinds, as reckoned from the
new or from the full moon, completes six different modes of monthly computation.
2 A jeweller's weight: see माष.
E.
 मास् the moon,
aff.
 अण् or मस to measure, (the year by it, )
aff.
घञ्.
Apte
English
मासः [māsḥ] सम् [sam], सम् [मा एव अण्]
A month, (it may be चान्द्र, सौर, सावन, नाक्षत्र or बार्हस्पत्य)
न मासे प्रतिपत्तासे मां चेन्मर्तासि मैथिलि
Bk.*
 8.95.
The moon (Ved. ).
The number 'twelve'.
Comp.
 -अधिपः, -अधिपतिः the planet presiding over a month. -अनुमासिक
a.
 monthly
पिण्डान्वाहार्यकं श्राद्धं कुर्यान्मासानुमासिकम्
Ms.*
 3.122.-अन्तः the day of new moon. -अवधिक
a.
 lasting for or occurring in a month. -आहार
a.
 eating only once a month.
उपवासिनी a woman who fasts for a whole month.
a procuress, a lascivious or lewd woman (ironically.). -ऋक्षम् the constellation after which a month (like चैत्र, वैशाख) is named
माघे च सितसप्तम्यां मघाराकासमागमे । राकया चानुमत्वा वा मासार्क्षाणि व्युतान्यपि ॥
Bhāg.*
 7.14.22. -कालिक
a.
 monthly, lasting for a month. -चारिक
a.
 practising (any thing) for a month. -जात
a.
 a month old, born a month ago. -ज्ञः a kind of gallinule. -देय
a.
 to be paid in a month. -पाक
a.
 maturing in a month. -प्रमितः the new-moon. -प्रवेशः the beginning of a month. -भुक्तिः (the sun's) monthly course. -मानः a year. -संचयिक
a.
 having provisions for a month
सद्यः प्रक्षालको वा स्यान्माससंचयिको$पि वा
Ms.*
 6.18.
Apte 1890
English
मासः,
सं [मा एव अण्] 1 A month
(it may be चांद्र, सौर, सावन, नाक्षत्र or बार्हस्पत्य)
न मासे प्रतिपत्तासे मां चेन्मर्तासि मैथिलि Bk. 8. 95.
2 The moon (Ved.).
3 The number ‘twelve’.
Comp.
अनुमासिक a. monthly.
अंतः the day of new moon.
अवधिक a. lasting for or occurring in a month.
आहार a. eating only once a month.
उपवासिनी {1} a woman who fasts for a whole month. {2} a procuress, a lascivious or lewd woman (ironically).
कालिक a. monthly, lasting for a month.
जात a. a month old, born a month ago.
ज्ञः a kind of gallinule.
देय a. to be paid in a month.
प्रमितः the new-moon,
प्रवेशः the beginning of a month
मानः a year.
Monier Williams Cologne
English
मा॑स
m.
 (or
n.
 ,
Siddh.
 ) the moon (See पूर्ण-म्°)
a month or the 12th part of the Hindū year (there are 4 kinds of months, viz. the solar, सौर
the natural, सावन
the stellar, नाक्षत्र, and the lunar, चान्द्र
the latter, which is the most usual and consists of 30 Tithis, being itself of two kinds as reckoned from the new or full moon
cf.
IW.
 179
for the names of the months See ib. 173
n.
 3),
RV.
&c.
&c.
 (मासम्, for a month
मासम् एकम्, for one month
मासेन, in the course of a month
मासे, in a m°
=
 after the lapse of a m°)
a symbolical
N.
 for the number ‘twelve’,
Sūryas.
Monier Williams 1872
English
मास, अस्, अम्, m. n. (but usually m.), the moon
(cf. पूर्ण-म्°
in this sense occurring in Ved. in
the comp. सूर्य-मासा, sun and moon, see Ṛg-veda
VIII. 83, 2, X. 64, 3, &c., where, however, मासा
may be referred to 2. मास्)
a month or the twelfth
part of the Hindū year, (usually a lunar month con-
sisting of thirty Tithis
there may be also a Saura or
solar month, equal to the sun's passage through a
sign of the zodiac, a Sāvana month consisting of
thirty risings and settings of the sun, a Nakṣatra
month regulated by the lunar asterisms, and a Bār-
haspatya month depending on the motions of the
planet Jupiter
the lunar month being of two kinds,
as reckoned from the new or full moon, completes
six modes of monthly computation)
(मासे, after
the lapse of a month)
a symbolical expression for
the number twelve
[cf. Lat. mensi-s
Hib. mios
Cambro-Brit. mis]
—मास-कालिक, अस्, आ, अम्,
lasting for a month, available for a month, monthly
मासकालिकं वेतनम्, a month's wages.
—मास-
चारिक, अस्, आ, अम्, practising (anything) for a month.
—मास-जात, अस्, आ, अम्, one month old.
—मास-
ज्ञ, अस्, आ, अम्, knowing the months
(अस्), m. a
species of gallinule (= दात्यूह).
—मास-तम,
अस्, आ, अम्, monthly [cf. अर्ध-म्°, संवत्सर-
तम]
completing a full month (= मास-पूरण)।
—मास-ताल, अस्, आ, अम्, having time measured
monthwise? (apparently applied to the sound of cym-
bals &c., which lasts a long while).
—मास-तुल्य,
अस्, आ, अम्, equal to a month or to a number of months.
मास
for ‘सूर्य-मासा’ read सूर्या-मासा।
Macdonell
English
मास mā́s-a,
m.
 month: -m, for a month
🞄māsam ekam, for one month
in. in the 🞄course of a month
lc. in a month = after the 🞄lapse of a month. (The twelve months of the 🞄Indian calendar, which do not exactly correspond 🞄to ours, are Caitra, Vaiśākha: March—May
🞄Jyaiṣṭha, Āṣāḍha: May—July
🞄Śrāvaṇa, Bhādra: July—Sept.
Āśvina, Kārttika: 🞄Sept.—Nov.
Mārgaśīrṣa, Pauṣa: 🞄Nov.—Jan.
Māgha, Phālguna: Jan. —March.).
Benfey
English
मास मास, (sprung from मान्त्,
ptcple. pres. of मा)
the base of many
cases is optionally मास्,
m.
 A month,
Pañc. 169, 6.
--
Comp.
अर्ध-,
m.
half a month, a fortnight, Man. 4, 25.
गर्भ-,
m.
 a month of pregnancy,
Kathās. 26, 146.
पुष्प-,
m.
 spring
(the season), Rām. 3, 79, 39.
पूर्ण-,
m.
 1. the full of the moon. 2. a
monthly sacrifice performed on the day
of full moon. -- Cf. μήν
Lat. monsis
Goth. mêna
A.S. mona
Goth.
mênôths
A.S. monadh.
Hindi
Hindi
माह
Apte Hindi
Hindi
मासः
पुं*
 - -
"महीना (यह चांद, सौर, सावन, नक्षत्र या बार्हस्पत्य में से कोई भी हो सकता हैं)"
मासः
पुं*
 - -
बारह की संख्या
मासम्
नपुं*
 - -
"महीना (यह चांद, सौर, सावन, नक्षत्र या बार्हस्पत्य में से कोई भी हो सकता हैं)"
मासम्
नपुं*
 - -
बारह की संख्या
Shabdartha Kaustubha
Kannada
मास
पदविभागः - > पुल्लिङ्गः
कन्नडार्थः - > ಮಾಸ /ತಿಂಗಳು
निष्पत्तिः - > मसी (परिमाणे) - "घञ्" (३-३१२१)
व्युत्पत्तिः - > मस्यते परिमीयते अनेन
प्रयोगाः - > "न मासे प्रतिपत्तासे मां चेन्मर्तासि मैथिलि"
उल्लेखाः - > भट्टि० ८-९५
विस्तारः - > ಮಾಸವು ಚಾಂದ್ರ ಸಾವನ ಮತ್ತು ಸೌರಗಳೆಂದು ಮೂರು ವಿಧ. ಶುಕ್ಲಪ್ರತಿಪತ್ತಿನಿಂದ ಅಮಾವಾಸ್ಯೆಯವರೆಗೆ ಚಾಂದ್ರಮಾಸ. ಮೂವತ್ತು ದಿನಗಳು ಪೂರ್ಣವಾದರೆ ಸಾವನ ಮಾಸ. ಸೂರ್ಯನು ಒಂದು ರಾಶಿಯಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಕಾಲವು ಸೌರವಮಾಸ. "चान्द्रः शुक्लादिदर्शान्तः सावनस्त्रिंशता बुधैः । एकराशौ रविर्यावत् कालं मासः स भास्करः ॥"
L R Vaidya
English
mAsa {% m.n. %} 1. A month (either चांद्र, सौर, सावन, नाक्षत्र or बार्हस्पत्य), मासान् गमय चतुरो लोचने मालयित्वा Megh.ii.47
2. the number ‘twelve.’
भूतसङ्ख्या
Sanskrit
१२, अर्क, आदित्य, इन, उष्णांशु, गण, चक्र, तपन, तरणि, तिग्मांशु, तीक्ष्णांशु, दिनकर, दिननाथ, दिनप, दिनमणि, दिनेश, दिवाकर, द्युमणि, नर, नृ, ना, पतङ्ग, पूषन्, प्रद्योतन, भगण, भानु, भानुमत्, भास्कर, मण्डल, मार्तण्ड, मास, मित्र, मिहिर, रवि, राशि, विवस्वत्, व्यय, शङ्कु, सवितृ, सूर्य, हंस
Bopp
Latin
मास m. (r. मस् metiri s. अ) mensis. (Lat. mensi-s insertâ
nasali, attenuato a finali in i
hib. mios id.
cambro-brit.
mis, v. मास्.)
Indian Epigraphical Glossary
English
māsa (IE 7-1-2), ‘twelve.’
Lanman
English
mā́sa, m.
—1. moon, see pūrṇa-māsa
--2.
month. [transition-stem fr. mā́s, 399.]
Wordnet
Sanskrit
Synonyms:
 द्वादश, सूर्य, मास, राशि, संक्रान्ति, गुहबाहु, सारिकोष्ठ, गुहनेत्र, राजमण्डल
adjective
द्व्याधिका दश।
"नौकायां द्वादशाः पुरुषाः सन्ति।"
अभिधानचिन्तामणिः
Sanskrit
--source--
पक्षो मासो वत्सरादिर्मार्गशीर्षः सहः सहाः ।
आग्रहायणिकश्चाथ पौषस्तैषः सहस्यवत् ॥ १५२ ॥
-wordlist-
मास (पुं), वत्सरादि (पुं), मार्गशीर्ष (पुं), सह (पुं), सहस् (पुं), आग्रहायणिक (पुं), पौष (पुं), तैष (पुं), सहस्य (पुं)
अभिधानरत्नमाला
Sanskrit
त्रिंशदहोरात्र
त्रिंशदहोरात्र, मास
त्रिंशदहोरात्रः स्यान्मासस्ताभ्यामृतुर्वसन्ताद्याः ।
ग्रीष्मः प्रावृट् शरदा हेमन्तः शिशिर इति ते षट् ॥ ११३ ॥
verse 1.1.1.113
page 0014
वैजयन्तीकोषः
Sanskrit
Word: मासः
Root: मास
Gender: पुं
Number: all
अर्थः ⇒ त्रिंशद्दिनात्मकः पौषमाघादिद्वादश मासाः
Meaning(s):
⇒ Lunar-month
Shloka(s):
2|1|80|2 ► मासः सांवत्सरस्तान्तः संक्रान्त्या तु स तारणः॥ (अन्तरिक्षकाण्डः/ज्योतिरध्यायः)
Synonym(s):
➠ 2|1|80|2 ⇢ मासः (मास) (पुं) ⇒ Lunar-month ⇒ त्रिंशद्दिनात्मकः पौषमाघादिद्वादश मासाः
➠ 2|1|80|2 ⇢ तान्तः (तान्त) (पुं) ⇒ Lunar-month ⇒ त्रिंशद्दिनात्मकः पौषमाघादिद्वादश मासाः
Related word(s):
जातिः ➡ कालः
अवयव_अवयवीसंबन्धः ➡ शुक्लः
परा_अपरासंबन्धः ➡ सावनः
Mahabharata
English
Māsa^1 = Skanda: III, 14639 (ºārdhamāsau).--Do.^2 = Śiva (1000 names^1--2).
māsa, pl. (ºāḥ) (“the months, ” personif.): IX, 2517.
पुराणम्
English
मास स् / MĀSA (S) (months) .1) General information. It is believed that every where for a year there are twelve months. There are six different kinds of months in force in bhārata. They are the following:--Sanskrit English Suriyāniśrāvaṇa August OfProṣṭhapada September ĪlūnĀśvina October TaśrīnkadimKārttika November TesrinhroyiMārgaśīrṣa December KonūṇkadimPauṣa January Konunhroyimāgha February Śībottuphālguna March OdorCaitra April Nīsonvaiśākha May Īyorjyeṣṭha June Harsonāṣāḍha July Tommūs 2) What the names of the months indicate. 1) Malayālam months. The months are named based on certain beliefs. It takes twelve months for the earth to go round the Sun once. When the earth passes through the twelve divisions, it faces a separate set of constellataions in the universe in each of these divisions. In the month of Ciṅṅam the earth faces a cluster of constellations in the shape of a lion and so the month is called Siṁha (lion) or Ciṅṅam. In the next division the earth faces the constellations in the shape of a Kanyakā and so the month was called Kanni. The earth faces next the constellations in the shape of a balance and so the month was called Tulām (Tulā=balance). In the next division the earth faces the constellations in the shape of a scorpion and so the month was called Vṛścikam (scorpion). The set of constellations which faces the earth in the next division is shaped like a bow (dhanus) and so the month got the name Dhanu. In the next division the earth faces a set of constellations in the shape of a Makaramatsya (makara-fish) and so the month was called Makaram. kumbha means a jar and Mīnam means a fish and Meḍam (meṣa) means a goat and Iḍavam (ṛṣabha) means an ox. The shapes of the constellations in those divisions are like the things mentioned and the months were so named after them. In the next two divisions the constellations appear as twins and a crab respectively and the months were so called Mithunam (twins) and Karkaṭakam (crab).2) English months.
i) January has come from the word Janus, the name of a Roman devatā. Janus is twinfaced, one facing the front and the other back.
ii) February means ‘to purify’ and the festival of purification of the Romans is conducted in that month.
iii) March is Mars, a devatā of War. Rome was built by the brave warrior Romulus. In his time there were only ten months in a year and the number of days in a month varied considerably. There were months with twenty days and thirtyfive days. It was in the year 700 B.C. that the then King of Rome, Numa, divided the year into twelve months and added January and February to it. Till then March was the first month of the year.
iv) April--Aperio means ‘blossoming’ and since the trees and plants blossom in that month it got the name of April.
v) May is named after Maia daughter of the demigod (devatā) Atlas. There is an opinion that it is named after Maius, another name of Jupiter.
vi) June gets its name after the devatā Juno though there is a version that it is named after a Roman tribe called Junius.
vii) July was formerly known as Quintilis meaning the fifth counting from March which was the first month of the year till the time of Numa. It was to commemorate the name of Julius Caesar that the name was changed to July.
viii) August. This month was formerly known as Sextilis meaning the sixth month. But it was renamed August in honour of Augustus Caesar. But it still lacked the importance of July as it contained thirtyone days and August only thirty days. So Augustus took one day from February and made the number of days in August thirtyone.
ix) September means the seventh month from March.
x) October means the eighth month.
xi) November means the ninth month.
xii) December means the tenth month.
Vedic Reference
English
Māsa denotes a ‘month, ’ a period of time repeatedly men-
tioned in the Rigveda and later.
The characteristic days (or rather nights) of the month were
those of the new moon, Amā-vasyā, ‘home-staying (night), ’ and
‘of the full moon, ’ Paurṇa-māsī. Two hymns of the Atharva-
veda^1 celebrate these days respectively. A personification of
the phases of the moon is seen in the four names Sinīvālī, ^2
the day before new moon
Kuhū, ^3 also called Guṅgū, ^4 the
new moon day
Anumati, ^5 the day before full moon
and
Rākā, ^6 the day of new moon. The importance of the new and
full moon days is seen in the Darśa-pūrṇamāsau, or festivals
of the new and full moon days respectively.
One special day in the month, the Ekāṣṭakā, or eighth day
after full moon, was important. In the Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa^7
there are stated to be in the year twelve such, mentioned
between the twelve days of full moon and the twelve days of
new moon. But one Ekāṣṭakā is referred to in the Yajurveda
Saṃhitās and elsewhere^8 as of quite special importance. This
was, in the accordant opinion of most commentators, the
eighth day after the full moon of Māgha. It marked the end
of the year, or the beginning of the new year. Though the
Kauṣītaki Brāhmaṇa^9 places the winter solstice in the new
moon of Māgha, the latter date probably means the new moon
preceding full moon in Māgha, ^10 not the new moon following
full moon
but it is perhaps possible to account adequately for
the importance of the Ekāṣṭakā as being the first Aṣṭakā
after the beginning of the new year.
It is not certain exactly how the month was reckoned, whether
from the day after new moon to new moon — the system known
as amānta, or from the day after full moon to full moon — the pūr-
ṇimānta system, which later, at any rate, was followed in North
India, while the other system prevailed in the south. Jacobi^11
argues that the year began in the full moon of Phālguna, and
that only by the full moon's conjunction with the Nakṣatra could
the month be known. Oldenberg^12 points to the fact that the
new moon is far more distinctively an epoch than the full
moon
that the Greek, Roman, and Jewish years began with
the new moon
and that the Vedic evidence is the division of
the month into the former (pūrva) and latter (apara) halves,
the first being the bright (śukla), the second the dark (kṛṣṇa)
period. Thibaut^13 considers that to assume the existence of
the pūrṇimānta system for the Veda is unnecessary, though
possible. Weber^10 assumes that it occurs in the Kauṣītaki
Brāhmaṇa as held by the scholiasts. But it would probably
be a mistake to press that passage, or to assume that the
amānta system was rigidly accepted in the Veda: it seems at
least as probable that the month was vaguely regarded as
beginning with the new moon day, so that new moon preceded
full moon, which was in the middle, not the end or the
beginning of the month.
That a month regularly had 30 days is established by the
conclusive evidence of numerous passages in which the year is
given 12 months and 360 days. This month is known from the
earliest records, being both referred to directly and alluded to.^14
It is the regular month of the Brāhmaṇas, ^15 and must be
regarded as the month which the Vedic Indian recognized.
No other month is mentioned as such in the Brāhmaṇa
literature
it is only in the Sūtras that months of different
length occur. The Sāmaveda Sūtras^16 refer to (1) years with
324 days — i.e., periodic years with 12 months of 27 days each
(2) years with 351 days — i.e., periodic years with 12 months of
27 days each, plus another month of 27 days
(3) years with
354 days — i.e., 6 months of 30 days, and 6 with 29 days, in
other words, lunar synodic years
(4) years with 360 days, or
ordinary civil (sāvana) years
(5) years with 378 days, which,
as Thibaut^17 clearly shows, are third years, in which, after
two years of 360 days each, 18 days were added to bring about
correspondence between the civil year and the solar year of
366 days. But even the Sāmasūtras do not mention the year
of 366 days, which is first known to the Jyotiṣa^18 and to
Garga.^19
That the Vedic period was acquainted with the year of
354 days cannot be affirmed with certainty. Zimmer, ^20 indeed,
thinks that it is proved by the fact that pregnancy is estimated
at ten months, or sometimes a year.^21 But Weber^22 may be
right in holding that the month is the periodic month of
27 days, for the period is otherwise too long if a year is taken.
On the other hand, the period of ten months quite well suits
the period of gestation, if birth takes place in the tenth month,
so that in this sense the month of 30 days may well be meant.
The year of 12 months of 30 days each being admittedly
quite unscientific, Zimmer^23 is strongly of opinion that it was
only used with a recognition of the fact that intercalation took
place, and that the year formed part of a greater complex,
normally the five your Yuga or cycle. This system is well
known from the Jyotṣa: it consists of 62 months of 29(16/31) days
each = 1, 830 days (two of these months being intercalary, one
in the middle and one at the end), or 61 months of 30 days,
or 60 months of 30(1/2) days, the unit being clearly a solar year
of 366 days. It is not an ideal system, since the year is too
long
^24 but it is one which cannot be claimed even for the
Brāhmaṇa period, during which no decision as to the true
length of the year seems to have been arrived at. The
references to it seen by Zimmer in the Rigveda^25 are not even
reasonably plausible, while the pañcaka yuga, cited by him from
the Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa, ^26 occurs only in a quotation in
a commentary, and had no authority for the text itself.
On the other hand, there was undoubtedly some attempt to
bring the year of 360 days — a synodic lunar year — roughly
into connexion with reality. A Sāmasūtra^27 treats it as a
solar year, stating that he sun perambulates each Naxatra in
13(1/3) days, while others again evidently interpolated 18 days
every third year, in order to arrive at some equality. But
Vedic literature, from the Rigveda^28 downwards, ^29 teems with
the assertion of the difficulty of ascertaining the month.
The length is variously given as 30 days, ^30 35 days, ^31 or
36 days.^32 The last number possibly indicates an intercalation
after six years (6×6 = 36, or for ritual purposes 35), but for
this we have no special evidence. There are many references^33
to the year having 12 or 13 months.
The names of the months are, curiously enough, not at all
ancient. The sacrificial texts of the Yajurveda give them in
their clearest form where the Agnicayana, ‘building of the
fire-altar, ’ is described.^34 These names are the following:
(1) Madhu, (2) Mādhava (spring months, vāsantikāv ṛtū)
(3) Śukra, (4) Śuci (summer months, graiṣmāv ṛtū)
(5) Nabha
(or Nabhas), ^35 (6) Nabhasya (rainy months, vārṣikāv ṛtū)
(7) Iṣa, (8) Ūrja (autumn months, śāradāv ṛtū)
(9) Saha (or
Sahas), ^35 (10) Sahasya (winter months, haimantikāv ṛtū)
(11) Tapa (or Tapas), ^35 (12) Tapasya (cool months, śaiśirāv
ṛtū).
There are similar lists in the descriptions of the Soma
sacrifice^36 and of the horse sacrifice, ^37 all of them agreeing in
essentials. There are other lists of still more fanciful names, ^38
but these have no claim at all to represent actual divisions in
popular use. It is doubtful if the list given above is more than
a matter of priestly invention. Weber points out that Madhu
and Mādhava later appear as names of spring, and that these
two are mentioned in the Taittirīya Āraṇyaka^39 as if actually
employed
but the evidence is very inadequate to show that
the other names of the months given in the list were in ordinary
use.^40
In some of these lists the intercalary month is mentioned.
The name given to it in the Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā^41 is Aṃhasas-
pati, while that given in the Taittirīya^42 and Maitrāyaṇī
Saṃhitās^43 is Saṃsarpa. The Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā^44 gives it the
name of Malimluca, which also occurs elsewhere, along with
Saṃsarpa, in one of the lists of fanciful names.^45 The
Atharvaveda^46 describes it as sanisrasa, ‘slipping, ’ owing no
doubt to its unstable condition.
The other method of naming the months is from the
Nakṣatras. It is only beginning to be used in the Brāhmaṇas,
but is found regularly in the Epic and later. The Jyotiṣa^47
mentions that Māgha and Tapa were identical: this is the fair
interpretation of the passage, which also involves the identifica-
tion of Madhu with Caitra, a result corresponding with the
view frequently found in the Brāhmaṇas, that the full moon in
Citrā, and not that in Phalgunī, is the beginning of the year.^48
In the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa^49 are found two curious ex-
pressions, yava and ayava, for the light and dark halves of the
month, which is clearly considered to begin with the light half.
Possibly the words are derived, as Eggling^50 thinks, from yu,
‘ward off, ’ with reference to evil spirits. The word Parvan
(‘joint’ = division of time) probably^51 denotes a half of the
month, perhaps already in the Rigveda.^52 More precisely the
first half, the time of the waxing light, is called pūrva-pakṣa, ^53
the second, that of the waning light, apara-pakṣa, ^54 Either of
these might be called a half-month (ardha-māsa).^55
1) vii. 79 and 80. Cf. Taittirīya
Saṃhitā, iii. 5, 1, 1
Taittirīya Brāh-
maṇa, iii. 7, 5, 13, etc.
2) Taittirīya Saṃhitā, i. 8, 8, 1
iii. 4, 9, 1
Rv. ii. 32, 6
Av. ii. 26, 2
vi. 11, 3
Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, xi. 55.
56
xxxiv. 10
Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā, xii. 8
Ṣaḍviṃśa Brāhmaṇa, v. 6.
3) Av. vii. 47
Taittirīya Saṃhitā,
i. 8, 8, 1
iii. 4, 9, 1
Kāṭhaka Saṃ-
hitā, xii. 8, etc.
4) Rv. ii. 32, 8, where Sāyaṇa iden-
tifies it with Kuhū.
5) Taittirīya Saṃhitā, i. 8, 8, 1
iii. 4,
9, 1
Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā, xii. 8
Vāja-
saneyi Saṃhitā, xxix. 60
xxxiv. 8, 9
Ṣaḍviṃśa Brāhmaṇa, v. 6.
6) Rv. ii. 32, 4
v. 42, 12
Taittirīya
Saṃhitā, i. 8, 8, 1
iii. 4, 9, 1. Cf.
Nirukta, xi. 31
Weber, Indische Studien,
5, 228 et seq.
Ludwig, Translation of
the Rigveda, 3, 189.
7) x. 3, 11. Cf. Satapatha Brāhmaṇa,
vi. 2, 2, 23
Av. xv. 16, 2.
8) Taittirīya Saṃhitā, vii. 4, 8, 1
Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa, v. 9, 1. Cf.
Taittirīya Saṃhitā, iii. 3, 8, 4
iv. 3,
11, 3
v. 7, 2, 2
Av. iii. 10
viii. 9,
10
Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā, xxxix. 10
Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā, ii. 13, 21, etc.
See Kātyāyana Śrauta Sūtra, xiii. 1, 2,
with the commentary
Pañcaviṃśa
Brāhmaṇa, loc. cit., with Sāyaṇa's
notes
Weber, Naxatra, 2, 341, 342
Indische Studien, 17, 219 et seq.
9) xix. 23.
10) So Vināyaka on Kauṣītaki Brāh-
maṇa, loc. cit.
Ānartīya on Śāṅkh-
āyana Śrauta Sūtra, xiii. 19, 1
Weber,
op. cit., 2, 345, 346, 353, 354. Weber
accepts the scholiasts’ view that
Māgha is here regarded as beginning
with the day after full moon in
Taiṣa
but it is simpler to suppose
the meaning to be that Māgha is re-
garded as commencing with, not after,
the new moon and ending with the day
before new moon. Several passages
in the Baudhāyana Śrauta Sūtra (ii. 12
iii. 1
xxvi. 18
xxx. 3
see Caland,
Über das vituelle Sūtra des Baudhāyana,
36, 37) and Kauṣītaki Brāhmaṇa, i. 3
Satapatha Brāhmaṇa, xi. 1, 1, 7, point
to the full moon being the middle of
the month, and the new moon being
regarded as either the beginning or the
end. Hopkins (n. 11) thinks Kauṣītaki
Brāhmaṇa, v. 1
Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa,
vi. 2, 2, 18, point to the commencement
of the month with the full moon. If
this could be accepted, then the Aṣṭakā
would fall a week before the winter
solstice in Māgha.
11) Zeitschrfit der Morgenländischen
Gesellschaft, 49, 229, n. 1
50, 81.
Cf. Hopkins, Journal of the American
Oriental Society, 24, 20.
12) Ibid., 48, 633, n. 1
49, 476,
477. This is the Epic rule, Hopkins,
loc. cit.
13) Indian Antiquary, 24, 87. None
of the evidence is absolutely con-
clusive one way or the other. It is
perfectly possible that the usage of
families or districts differed. Cf.
Thibaut, Astronomie, Astrologie und
Mathematik, 12.
10) So Vināyaka on Kauṣītaki Brāh-
maṇa, loc. cit.
Ānartīya on Śāṅkh-
āyana Śrauta Sūtra, xiii. 19, 1
Weber,
op. cit., 2, 345, 346, 353, 354. Weber
accepts the scholiasts’ view that
Māgha is here regarded as beginning
with the day after full moon in
Taiṣa
but it is simpler to suppose
the meaning to be that Māgha is re-
garded as commencing with, not after,
the new moon and ending with the day
before new moon. Several passages
in the Baudhāyana Śrauta Sūtra (ii. 12
iii. 1
xxvi. 18
xxx. 3
see Caland,
Über das rituelle Sūtra des Baudhāyana,
36, 37) and Kauṣītaki Brāhmaṇa, i. 3
Satapatha Brāhmaṇa, xi. 1, 1, 7, point
to the full moon being the middle of
the month, and the new moon being
regarded as either the beginning or the
end. Hopkins (n. 11) thinks Kauṣītaki
Brāhmaṇa, v. 1
Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa,
vi. 2, 2, 18, point to the commencement
of the month with the full moon. If
this could be accepted, then the Aṣṭakā
would fall a week before the winter
solstice in Māgha.
14) Rv. i. 164, 11. 14, 48
x. 189, 3
190, 2
Av. iv. 35, 4
x. 7, 6
8, 23
xiii. 3, 8, etc.
15) Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā, i. 10, 8
Aitareya Brāhmaṇa, iv. 12
Kāṭhaka
Saṃhitā, xxxvi. 2, 3
Kauṣītaki Brāh-
maṇa, iii. 2
Aitareya Āraṇyaka, iii. 2, 1
Baudhāyana Śrauta Sūtra, xxvi. 10
Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad, i. 5, 22. See
also Weber, Naxatra, 2, 288
Thibaut,
Astronomie, Astrologie und Mathematik, 8.
16) Lāṭyāyana Śrauta Sūtra, iv. 8,
1 et seq.
Nidāna Sūtra, v. 11. 12
Weber, Naxatra, 2, 281-288.
17) Op. cit., 8, 9.
18) verse 28.
19) Cited in the commentary on the
Jyotiṣa, 10.
20) Altindisches Leben, 365, 366.
21) Ten months is the period accord-
ing to Rv. v. 78, 7-9
x. 184, 3
Av.
i. 11, 6
iii. 23, 2
v. 25, 13
Kāṭhaka
Saṃhitā, xxviii. 6
Śatapatha Brāh-
maṇa, iv. 5, 2, 4. 5 (ibid., ix. 5, 1, 63,
a six months' embryo is alone able to
live). A year is mentioned in Pañca-
viṃśa Brāhmaṇa, x. 1, 9 (ten months
in vi. 1, 3)
Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā, xxxiii.
8
Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, vi. 1, 3, 8
xi. 5, 4, 6-11
Aitareya Brāhmaṇa,
iv. 22.
22) Naxatra, 2, 313, n. 1.
23) Op. cit., 369, 370.
24) The Yuga is too long by nearly
four days. The true year has 365 days,
5 hours, 48 minutes, 46 seconds. Cf.
Thibaut, op. cit., 24, 25.
25) i. 164, 14
iii. 55, 18. These
passages are, of course, obscure, but
to interpret them as referring to the
ten half years of the Yuga is particularly
gratuitous.
26) xvii. 13, 17. See also Thibaut, op.
cit., 7, 8
Weber, Indische Streifen, 1, 91,
and references. The most that can be
said is that a tendency to accept five years
as a convenient period for intercalation
was arising, which ultimately appears
developed in the Jyotiṣa. But we cannot
say that a year of 366 days is known
until then.
27) Lāṭyāyana Śrauta Sūtra, iv. 8,
has nothing of this, but Nidāna Sūtra,
v. 12, 2, 5, is quite clear.
28) i. 25, 8
perhaps 165, 15.
29) Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, iv. 3, 1, 5
vi. 2, 2, 29
xii. 2, 1, 8
Aitareya
Brāhmaṇa, i. 12
Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā,
xxxiv. 13
Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa,
x. 3, 2
xxiii. 2, 3
Taittirīya Āraṇyaka,
v. 4, 29
Weber, Naxatra, 2, 336, n. 1.
30) Av. xiii. 3, 8.
31) Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, x. 5, 4, 5.
32) Ibid., ix. 1, 1, 43
3, 3, 18. Cf.
Eggeling, Sacred Books of the East, 43,
167, n. 1. Shamasastry, Gavām Ayana,
122, interprets these passages in quite
an impossible manner. There is no
trace of a month of 35-36 days in the
Epic: Hopkins, Journal of the American
Oriental Society, 24, 42.
33) Taittirīya Saṃhitā, v. 6, 7, 1
Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā, xxi. 5
xxxiv. 9
Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā, i. 10, 8
Kauṣī-
taki Brāhmaṇa, v. 8
Kauṣītaki Upani-
ṣad, i. 6
Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, ii. 2,
3, 27
iii. 6, 4, 24
v. 4, 5, 23
vii. 2,
3, 9, etc.
Jaiminīya Upaniṣad Brāh-
maṇa, i. 10, 6.
34) Taittirīya Saṃhitā, iv. 4, 11, 1
Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā, xvii. 10
xxxv. 9
Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā, ii. 8, 12
Vāja-
saneyi Saṃhitā, xiii. 25
xiv. 6. 15. 16
27
xv. 57.
35) In Maitrāyaṇī, Kāṭhaka, and Vāja-
saneyi Saṃhitās. See notes 34, 36.
35) In Maitrāyaṇī, Kāṭhaka, and Vāja-
saneyi Saṃhitās. See notes 34, 36.
35) In Maitrāyaṇī, Kāṭhaka, and Vāja-
saneyi Saṃhitās. See notes 34, 36.
36) Taittirīya Saṃhitā, i. 4, 14, 1
Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā, i. 3, 16
iv. 6, 7
Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā, iv. 7
Vājasaneyi
Saṃhitā, vii. 30 (where Iṣ and Ūrj
appear as the names of the months).
37) Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā, iii. 12, 13
Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, xxii. 31.
38) See, e.g., Taittirīya Saṃhitā, i. 7,
9, 1
iv. 7, 11, 2
Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā
ix. 20
xviii. 28
xxii. 32
Kāthaka
Saṃhitā, xxxv. 10, Weber, 2, 349,
350.
39) iv. 7, 2
v. 6, 16.
40) Cases like that of nabhas, used by
Mallinātha on Meghadūta, i. 4, are
merely scholastic.
41) vii. 30
xxii. 31.
42) i. 4, 14, 1.
43) iii. 12, 13.
44) xxxviii. 4.
45) Ibid., xxxv. 10
Vājasaneyi Saṃ-
itā, xxii. 30.
46) v. 6, 4.
47) Verse 6 Yajus recension = verse 5
Ṛc recension: Weber, 2, 354 et seq.
48) Weber's theory (359) that Caitra
was as the first spring month secondary
to Phālguna is, of course, an error
for, owing to the precession of the
equinoxes, Phālguna became the first
month of spring de facto, while Caitra
became virtually the last month of the
preceding season. The truth is that
the six seasons are an arbitrary division
of the year, and that either Phālguna
or Caitra could be regarded as the
beginning of spring without much im-
propriety. See Weber, Indische Studien,
9, 457
10, 231, 232
Whitney, Journal
of the American Oriental Society, 8, 71,
397, 398.
49) viii. 4, 2, 12
3, 18. See Vāja-
saneyi Saṃhitā, xiv. 26. 31. The Tait-
tirīya Saṃhitā, iv. 3, 10, 3, has the
words in the form of yāva and ayāva,
which are explained in v. 3, 4, 5.
50) Sacred Books of the East, 43,
69, n.
51) The months and the half months
are the parvāṇi of the sacrificial horse
in the Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad, i. 1, 1.
Cf. Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, i. 6, 3, 35
vi. 2, 2, 24
Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, xiii. 43
St. Petersburg Dictionary, s.v. 4, where
the sense is left vague.
52) i. 94, 4. Cf. Ludwig, Translation
of the Rigveda, 3, 189.
53) Taittirīya Saṃhitā, iii. 4, 9, 6
Aitareya Brāhmaṇa, iv. 25, 3
Śatapatha
Brāhmaṇa, vi. 7, 4, 7
viii. 4, 2, 11
Nirukta, v. 11,
xi. 5. 6.
54) Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, vi. 7, 4, 7
viii. 4, 2, 11
xi. 1, 5, 3
Bṛhadāraṇyaka
Upaniṣad, iii. 1, 5
Nirukta, v. 11
xi. 6, etc.
55) Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, v. 4, 5, 21
Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad, i. 1, 1
iii. 8,
9 etc.
Taittirīya Saṃhitā, vii. 1,
15, 1
Taittirīya Saṃhitā, iii. 12, 7
Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, xxii. 28.
Cf. Zimmer, Altindisches Leben, 364
et seq.
Thibaut, Astronomie, Astrologie
und Mathematik, 7-9
Weber, Proceed-
ings of the Berlin Academy, 1894, 37
et seq.
Naxatra, 2, passim.
शब्दकल्पद्रुमः
Sanskrit
मासः,
पुं,
 (मस् परिमाणे + भावे घञ् ।) माष-परिमाणम् । इत्यमरटीकायां भरतः । माषाइति भाषा ॥
(मस्यते परिमीयते असावने-नवेति मस् + घञ् ।) शुक्लकृष्णपक्षद्बयात्मकःकालः । स च पौषमाघादिद्बादशसंज्ञकः ।इत्यमरः । १ । ४ । १२ ॥
माश्चन्द्रस्तस्यायं मासःष्णः । चान्द्रमासस्येयं व्युत्पत्तिः । सौरादिषु तुमस्यते परिमीयतेऽनेनासौ वा मासः । मसिर्यई परिमाणे घञ् । माः सान्तोऽपि । मास्तुमासोऽपि दृश्यते । इति हड्डः । इति भरतः ॥
* ॥
स्मृतिमतेऽपि पौषादिद्वादशसंज्ञकः । यथा, --“चक्रवत् परिवर्त्तेत सूर्य्यः कालवशाद्यतः ।अतः सांवत्सरं श्राद्धं कर्त्तव्यं मासचिह्नितम् ॥
मासचिह्नन्तु कर्त्तव्यं पौषमाघाद्यमेव हि ।यतस्तत्र विधानेन स मासः परिकीर्त्तितः ॥
”इति लघुहारीतः ॥
कार्त्तिकादिद्बादशसंज्ञकोऽपि । यथा, --“अन्त्योपान्त्यौ त्रिभौ ज्ञेयौ फाल्गुनश्च त्रिभोमतः ।शेषा मासा द्विभा ज्ञेयाः कृत्तिकादिव्यव-स्थया ॥
”स च चैत्रादिद्बादशसंज्ञकश्च । यथा व्यक्तंब्रह्मपुराणम् ।“चैत्रे मासि जगद्ब्रह्मा ससर्ज्ज प्रथमेऽहनि ।शुक्लपक्षे समग्रन्तु तदा सूर्य्योदये सति ॥
प्रवर्त्तयामास तदा कालस्य गणनामपि ।ग्रहान्राशीनृतून् मासान् वत्सरान् वत्सराधि-पान् ।इत्यनेन मासर्त्तुवत्सराणां चान्द्रत्वमुक्तम् ।ब्रह्मसिद्धान्तेऽपि ।“चैत्रसितादेरुदयाद्भानोर्व्वर्षर्त्तुमासयुगकल्पाः ।सृष्ट्यादौ लङ्कायामिह प्रवृत्ता दिनैर्व्वत्स ॥
”चैत्रसितादेश्चैत्रशुक्लप्रतिपदस्तामारभ्येत्यर्थः ॥
अपि च ।“मीनादिस्थो रविर्येषामारम्भप्रथमक्षणे ।भवेत्तेऽब्दे चान्द्रमासाश्चैत्राद्या द्वादश स्मृताः ॥
”चान्द्रसावनसौरनाक्षत्रभेदेन स च चतुर्व्विधः ।शुक्लप्रतिपदादिदर्शान्तश्चान्द्रः । तत्र चान्द्रो-ऽपि द्विविधः । शुक्लप्रतिपदादिदर्शान्तो मुख्यः ।कृष्णप्रतिपदादिपौर्णमास्यन्तो गौणः । यत्-किञ्चित्त्रिंशत्तिथ्यात्मकश्चेति द्विविधो गौणः ।त्रिंशदहोरात्रात्मकः सावनः । आदित्यैक-राशिभोगावच्छिन्नः सौरः । सप्तविंशतिनक्षत्रा-वच्छिन्नस्त्रिंशन्नाक्षत्रदिनात्मकश्च नाक्षत्रः ।तथा च ब्रह्मसिद्धान्ते ।“चान्द्रः शुक्लादिदर्शान्तः सावनस्त्रिंशता दिनैः ।एकराशौ रविर्यावत् कालं मासः संभास्करः ॥
सर्व्वर्क्षपरिवर्त्तैस्तु नाक्षत्र इति चोच्यते ॥
”सूर्य्यसिद्धान्ते ।“नाडीषष्ट्या तु नाक्षत्रमहोरात्रं प्रचक्षते ।तत्त्रिंशता भवेन्मासः सावनोऽर्कोदयैस्तथा ॥
ऐन्दवस्तिथिभिस्तद्वत् संक्रान्त्या सौर उच्यते ॥
”तत्त्रिंशता नाक्षत्रदिनत्रिंशता मासो नाक्षत्र-मासः । तथा त्रिंशता ॥
* ॥
स्मार्त्तशूलपाणि-मते मुख्यचान्द्र एव मासपदशक्यः । जीमूत-वाहनमते सौर एव शक्यः । चान्द्रप्रमाणंप्रागुक्तम् । सौरप्रमाणन्तु । सौरास्तु माघादयोद्बादश एव श्रौताः । तथा च श्रुतिः । तप-स्तपस्यौ शैशिरावृतुः । मधुश्च माधवश्च वास-न्तिकावृतुः । शुक्रश्च शुचिश्च ग्रैष्मावृतुः । अथै-तदुदगयनं देवानां दिनम् । नभाश्च नभस्यश्चवार्षिकावृतुः । इषश्च ऊर्ज्जश्च शारदावृतुः ।सहाश्च सहस्यश्च हैमन्तिकावृतुः । अथैत-द्दक्षिणायनं देवानां रात्रिरिति । अत्रायनस्यसौरत्वेन तद्घटकतपस्तपस्यादीनामपि सौरपरतेति । अतो भूयसामनुरोधेन वैशाखादयःसौरवाचिनोऽवधार्य्यन्ते । इति मलमासतत्त्वम् ॥
अपि च ।“मेषस्थित्या रवेर्मासो वैशाखोऽब्दमुखःस्मृतः ।”इति सङ्केतकौमुदी ॥
अथ कर्म्मविशेषे मासविशेषादिः । तत्र पिता-महः ।“आब्दिके पितृकृत्ये च मासश्चान्द्रमसः स्मृतः ।विवाहादौ स्मृतः सौरो यज्ञादौ सावनो मतः ॥
”प्रथमादिपदं यात्राग्रहचारपरम् । यत् कर्म्मसूर्य्यभोग्यराश्युल्लेखेन यच्च विशिष्योदगयनादिविहितं तत्परञ्च अयनस्य सौरमासघटित-त्त्वात् । तच्च चूडोपनयनादि । द्बितीयादिपदंसत्रभृतिवृद्बिप्रायश्चित्तायुर्दायाशौचगर्भाधान-पुंसवनसीमन्तोन्नयननामकरणान्नप्राशननिष्क्र-मणचूडादिपरम् । तथा च विष्णुधर्म्मोत्तरे ।“अध्वायनञ्च ग्रहचारकर्म्मसौरेण मासेन सदाध्यवस्येत् ।सत्राण्युपास्यान्यथ सावनेनलौक्यञ्च यत् स्याद्व्यवहारकर्म्म ॥
”अध्वायनं अध्वगमनं यात्रेति यावत् ॥
* ॥
अथ सौरादिमासविहितकर्म्माणि ।“विवाहोत्सवयज्ञेषु सौरं मासं प्रशस्यते ।पार्व्वणे त्वष्टकाश्राद्धे चान्द्रमिष्टं तथाब्दिके ॥
”अत्र यज्ञपदमुदगयनादिविहितपशुयागाभिप्रायंपितामहोक्तन्तु विष्णुधर्म्मोत्तरोक्तसत्रपरम् ।गर्गः ।“आयुर्दायविभागश्च प्रायश्चित्तक्रिया तथा ।सावनेन तु कर्त्तव्या मन्त्राणामप्युपासना ॥
”सूर्य्यसिद्धान्ते ।“सूतकादिपरिच्छेदो दिनमासाब्दपास्तथा ।मध्यमग्रहभुक्तिश्च सावनेन प्रकीर्त्तिता ॥
”मध्यमग्रहभुक्तिर्ज्योतिर्गणना प्रसिद्धा ॥
* ॥
नाक्षत्रमासप्रयोजनं विष्णुधर्म्मोत्तरे ।“नक्षत्रसत्राण्ययनानि चेन्दो-र्म्मासेन कुर्य्याद्भगणात्मकेन ।”नक्षत्रसत्राणि माससाध्ययागविशेषरूपाणियाज्ञिकप्रसिद्धानि । इन्दोरयनानि सोमाय-नाख्यसत्राणि । इति समयप्रकाशः ॥
एवं जन्म-नक्षत्रे शनिभौमवारे फलं नाक्षत्रमासेन योग्य-त्वात् । यथा, मलमासतत्त्वे ।“जन्मन्यृक्षे यदि स्यातां वारौ भौमशनैश्चरौ ।स मासः कल्मषो नाम मनोदुःखप्रदायकः ॥
”मलमासविवरणं मलमासशब्दे द्रष्टव्यम् ॥
* ॥
अथ मासकृत्यम् ।“आषाढशुक्लैकादश्यां कुर्य्यात् स्वापं महोत्-सवम् ।आषाढे च रथं कुर्य्यात् श्रावणे श्रवणाविधिम् ॥
भाद्रे च जन्मदिवसे उपवासपरो भवेत् ।प्रसुप्तञ्च पारिवर्त्तमाश्विने मासि कारयेत् ॥
उत्थानं श्रीहरेः कुर्य्यादन्यथा विष्णुद्रोहकृत् ।शुभे चैवाश्विने मासि महामायाञ्च पूजयेत् ॥
कार्त्तिके मासि यत् कृत्यं शृणु देवि वरानने ! ।सप्तवर्त्त्याः प्रमाणेन दीपः स्याच्चतुरङ्गुलः ॥
पक्षान्ते च प्रकर्त्तव्या दीपमाला बलिः शुभा ।मार्गशीर्षे सिते पक्षे षष्ठीञ्च सितवस्त्रकैः ॥
पूजयेज्जगदीशञ्च तूलवस्त्रैर्विशेषतः ।पौषे पुण्याभिषेकञ्च वर्ज्जयेच्चन्दनं तथा ॥
संक्रान्त्यां माघमासे च साधिवासिततण्डुलान् ।निवेद्य विष्णवे भक्त्या इमं मन्त्रमुदीरयेत् ॥
जीवनं सर्व्वभूतानां जनकस्त्वं जगद्गुरो ! ।तन्मायालीनता प्राप्ता त्वयैव जनिता प्रभो ! ॥
कर्पूराकृतिद्रव्याणि घृताक्तानि निवेदयेत् ।ब्राह्मणान् भोजयेद्भक्त्या देवदेवपुरःस्थितान् ॥
अभ्यर्च्च्य भगवद्भक्त्या द्विजांश्च भगवद्धिया ।एकस्मिन् भोजिते भक्ते कोटिर्भवति भक्तितः ॥
विप्रभोजनमात्रेण व्यङ्गं साङ्गं भवेद्ध्रुवम् ।पञ्चम्यां शुक्लपक्षे तु स्नापयित्वा च केशवम् ॥
पूजयेद्भगवद्भक्त्या चूतपल्लवसम्मितैः ॥
फल्गुचूर्णैश्च विविधैर्वासितैः पटवासितम् ।काननं रमणीयञ्च प्रदीप्तदीपदीपितम् ॥
द्राक्षेक्षुरम्भाजम्बीरनागरङ्गकपूगकम् ।नारिकेलञ्च धात्री च वंशतालहरीतकी ॥
अन्यैश्च वृक्षषण्डैश्च सर्व्वर्त्तकुसुमाचितम् ।पुष्पैश्च विविधैश्चैव फलपुष्पसमन्वितम् ॥
वितानैः कुसुमोद्यानैर्वारिपूर्णघटैस्तथा ।चूतशाखोपशाखाभिः शोभितं छत्रचामरैः ॥
विशेषतः कलियुगे दोलोत्सवो विधीयते ।फाल्गुने च चतुर्द्दश्यामष्टमे यामसंज्ञके ॥
अथवा पौर्णमास्यान्तु प्रतिपत्सन्धिसम्मितौ ।पूजयेद्बिधिवद्भक्त्या फल्गुचूर्णैश्चतुर्व्विधैः ॥
सितरक्तैर्गौरपीतैः कर्पूरादिविमिश्रितैः ।हरिद्राक्षारयोगाच्च रङ्गरम्यैर्मनोहरैः ॥
अन्यैर्व्वा रङ्गरम्यैश्च प्रीणयेत् परमेश्वरम् ॥
एकादश्यां समारभ्य पञ्चम्यन्तं समापयेत् ।पञ्चाहानि त्र्यहाणि स्युर्द्दोलोत्सवो विधीयते ॥
दक्षिणाभिमुखं कृष्णं दोलयानं सकृन्नराः ।दृष्ट्वापराधनिचयैर्मुक्तास्ते नात्र संशयः ॥
निक्षिप्य जलमात्रे तु मासे माधवसंज्ञिते ।सौवर्णपात्रे ताम्रे वा रौप्ये वा मृण्मयेऽपि वा ॥
तोयस्थं योऽर्च्चयेद्देवं शालग्रामसमुद्भवम् ।प्रत्यहं मां महाभागे ! तस्य पुण्यं न गण्यते ॥
दमनारोपणं कृत्वा श्रीविष्णौ च समर्पयेत् ।वैशाख्यां श्रावणे भाद्रे कर्त्तव्यञ्च तदर्पणम् ॥
वैशाखे च तृतीयायां जलमध्ये विशेषतः ।अथवा मण्डपे कुर्य्यात् मण्डले वा बृहद्ध्वजे ॥
सुगन्धचन्दनेनाङ्गसुपुष्टाङ्गो दिने दिने ।यथा प्रयत्नतः कार्य्यः कृशाङ्गो नैव पूजितः ॥
चन्दनागुरुकस्तूरीकुष्ठं कुङ्कुमरोचना ।जटामांसी वचा चैव विष्णोर्गन्धाष्टकं तथा ।एतैर्गन्धयुतैश्चापि हरेरङ्गानि लेपयेत् ॥
घृष्टञ्च तुलसीकाष्ठं कर्पूरागुरुयोगतः ।अथवा केशरैर्योज्यं हरिचन्दनमुच्यते ॥
अस्मिन् काले कृष्णभक्त्या ये प्रपश्यन्ति मानवाः ॥
न तेषां पुनरावृत्तिः कल्पकोटिशतैरपि ॥
सुगन्धिमिश्रितैस्तोयैः स्नापयित्वा जगद्गुरुम् ।अथवा पुष्पमध्ये च स्थापयेज्जगदीश्वरम् ॥
बृन्दावनं तत्र कृत्वा उपस्कृतफलानि च ।विष्णुभक्तेन योग्येन भोजयेत्तदशेषतः ॥
नारिकेलफलं नीरं कोषञ्चोद्धृत्य दापयेत् ।कण्टाफलञ्च पनसं कोषमुद्धृत्य दीयते ॥
यथा पचेत्तथा दद्याद्यथाशक्ति नियोगतः ।दध्ना विमिश्रितञ्चान्नं घृतेनाप्लुत्य दापयेत् ॥
पाचितं पिष्टकं धातुरष्टादश घृतेन च ।तिलैश्च तिलसंमिश्रैः फलं शुद्धञ्च दापयेत् ॥
यद्यदेवात्मनः श्रेयस्तत्तदीशाय कल्पयेत् ।दत्त्वा नैवेद्यवस्त्रादीनाददीत कथञ्चन ।त्यक्तव्यं विष्णुमुद्दिश्य तद्भक्तेभ्यो विशेषतः ॥
इति ते कथितं किञ्चित् समासेन महेश्वरि ! ।गोप्तव्यञ्च प्रयत्नेन स्वयोनिरिव पार्व्वति ! ॥
”इति पाद्मे पातालखण्डे १२ अध्यायः ॥
वाचस्पत्यम्
Sanskrit
मास
पु०
 माएव अण् । १ चन्द्रे त्रिंशद्दिनात्मके २ काले च । सच सौरसावनचान्द्रनाक्षत्रभेदाच्चतुर्विधः । मासश्चन्द्र-स्वयम् अण् । ३ चान्द्रे मासे तु मुख्यः । मस्यते परिमी-यतेऽनेन मस परिमाणे करणे घञ् । परिमाणपञ्चगुञ्जा-त्मके भरतः । स्वार्थे क । मासक तत्रैवार्थे ।
Capeller
German
मा॑स
m.
 (adj. —°
f.
 ई) Monat.
Grassman
German
mā́sa, m., gleich 1. mā́s, Monat.
-am siehe 1. mā́s.
-ās {577, 4}
{915, 13}
neben śarádas, dyā́vas {465, 7}
{479, 4}
{266, 9}.
-ān {265, 9}
dáśa {432, 9}.
Stchoupak
French
मास-
m.
 mois
-शस् par mois.
°कालिक- a. qui dure un mois, mensuel.
°चारिक- a. qui pratique durant un mois.
°त्रय- nt. trimestre.
°संचयिक- a. qui a des provisions pour un mois.
मासानुमासिक- a. qui se produit chaque mois.
मासावधिक- a. qui arrive (au moins) une fois par mois.
मासोपवासिन्- a. qui jeûne un mois.