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संग्राम (saMgrAma)

 
Capeller Eng
English
संग्राम॑
m.
 popular assembly, host, troop
hostile
encounter, fight, war, contest with (instr. ±समम्, सह, or
सार्धम्, & —°).
Apte
English
संग्रामः [saṅgrāmḥ], War, battle, fight
संग्रामाङ्गणमागतेन भवता चापे समारोपिते K.
P.*
 1.
Comp.
 -कर्मन्
n.
 the turmoil of battle. -जित्
a.
 Conquering in battle. -तुला the ordeal of battle. -तूर्यम्, -पटहः a large military drum. -भूमिः a field of battle. -मूर्धन्
m.
 the front of battle.
Monier Williams Cologne
English
सं-ग्राम॑
m.
 (and
n.
 ,
Siddh.
cf.
 , ग्राम) an assembly of people, host, troop, army,
AV.
battle, war, fight, combat, conflict, hostile encounter with (instr. with and without समम्, सक, सार्धम्, or comp. ), ib.
&c.
&c.
N.
 of various men,
Rājat.
Cat.
Macdonell
English
संग्राम saṃ-grāma,
m.
 assembly, host (V., 🞄rare)
V., C.: hostile encounter, battle, fight, 🞄with (samam, saha, sārdam, —°)
N. (C.): 🞄-karman,
n.
 battle
-gupta,
m.
 N.
-jít,
a.
 victorious 🞄in battle
-tulā,
f.
 ordeal of battle
🞄-tūrya,
n.
 battle-drum
-datta,
m.
 N. of a 🞄Brāhman
-deva,
m.
 N. of a king
-nagara, 🞄n. N. of a town
-pāla,
m.
 N.
-bhūmi,
f.
 🞄battle-field
-mūrdhan,
m.
 van of battle
🞄-rāja,
m.
 N. of two kings
-vardhana,
m.
 🞄N.
-varṣa,
m.
 N.
-siṃha,
m.
 N.: -siddhi,
m.
 N. of an elephant
-agra,
n.
 van of 🞄battle
-aṅgana,
n.
 battle-field
-āpīḍa, 🞄m. N. of two kings.
Benfey
English
संग्राम संग्राम, i. e. सम्-ग्रह् +
म,
m.
1. War, battle, Hit. 75, 17
fighting, Pañc. 238, 22.
2. A proper
name, Rājat. 5, 305
423.
L R Vaidya
English
saMgrAma {% m. %} War, battle, न निर्वर्तेन संग्रामात् M.vii.87.
धातुप्रदीपः
Sanskrit
संग्रामँ संग्राम युद्धे
- संग्रामयते असंग्रामयत तस्थौ सिसंग्रामयिषुः शितेषुरिति भट्टिः संग्रामः 364
Sanskrit Tibetan
Tibetan
khrug
१) कोप २) क्रोध ३) संग्राम
नाममाला
Sanskrit
कदन, समर, युद्ध, संयुग, कलह, रण, संग्राम, सम्पराय, आजि, संयत्, महाहव
कदनं समरं युद्धं संयुगं कलहं रणम् ।
संग्रामं सम्परायाजी संयदाहुर्महाहवम् ॥ ८७ ॥
verse 0.1.1.87
page 0045
Vedic Reference
English
Saṃ-grāma denotes primarily, it seems, ‘assembly’ either in
peace^1 or in war, ^2 when it means an ‘armed band.’ Its normal
sense in the Atharvaveda^3 and later^4 is ‘war, ’ ‘battle.’
Little is known of Vedic warfare, but it seems to have been
simple. A body of foot soldiers with charioteers composed
every army, the two going together, ^5 and the foot soldiers being
often overthrown by the charioteers, ^6 who were doubtless
the Kṣatriyas and their foremost retainers. Probably the
foot soldiers bore little armour, and used only the bow for
offence, as is suggested by the account that Herodotus gives of
the Indian contingent of the army with which Xerxes invaded
Greece.^7 The nobles, on the other hand, may have had cuirass
(Varman), helmet (Śiprā), and hand-guard (Hastaghna) as a
protection from the friction of the bowstring. On the car was
the charioteer, and on his left the warrior (Sārathi, Savyaṣṭhā).
Riding is never mentioned in war, ^8 and would hardly have
been suited to Vedic ideas, for the warrior mainly depended on
his bow, which he could not have used effectively from horse-
back. The offensive weapon (Āyudha) was practically the
bow
spear and sword and axe were very seldom used.
Whether there was a strict tribal organization of the host,
such as is once alluded to in the Homeric poems, ^9 and is also
recognized in Germany by Tacitus, ^10 is uncertain (cf. Vrāta),
but in the Epic relations (Jñāti) fight together, ^11 and this rule,
no doubt, applied more or less in Vedic times also.
Cities were besieged and invested (upa-sad, pra-bhid), ^12
probably as a rule by blockade, since the ineffective means of
assault of the time would have rendered storming difficult and
expensive. Hillebrandt^13 thinks that the pur cariṣṇū of the
Rigveda^14 was a kind of chariot
it may — like the Trojan
horse — have been an Indian anticipation of the Roman means
of assaulting a town.
Besides ordinary wars of defence and conquest, raids into
neighbouring territory seem to have been frequent and normal, ^15
no doubt because of the booty (Udāja, Nirāja) which was to be
won, and which the king had to share with the people.
Banners (Dhvaja) were borne in war, and musical instru-
ments (Dundubhi, Bakura)^16 were used by the combatants.
1) Av. xii. 1, 56, where it is joined
with Samiti. We might see in this
passage, and that cited in n. 2, the
technical name of the village assembly
as opposed to the larger assemblies of
the people, but there is no good warrant
for so doing.
2) Av. iv. 24, 7, where saṃgrāmān is
read
but the parallel passages (Tait-
tirīya Saṃhitā, iv. 7, 15, 2
Maitrāyaṇī
Saṃhitā, iii. 16, 5) have saṃgrāmani.
3) v. 21, 7
xi. 9, 26.
4) Taittirīya Samhitā, ii. 1, 3, 1
8, 4,
etc.
5) Rv. ii. 12, 8.
6) Av. vii. 62, 1. Cf. Muṣṭihan
7) Herodotus, vii. 65.
8) Zimmer, Altindisches Leben, 296,
where he admits riding to be men-
tioned elsewhere
Whitney, Journal
of the American Oriental Society, 3,
312.
9) Ibid, ii. 362.
10) Germania, 7.
11) Hopkins, Journal of the American
Oriental Society, 13, 193.
12) Cf. Taittirīya Saṃhitā, vi. 2, 3, 1
Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, iii. 4, 4, 3-5
Aitareya Brāhmaṇa, i. 23, 2, etc.
Gopatha Brāhmaṇa, ii. 2, 7
Hille-
brandt, Vedische Mythologie, 1, 300, n.
13) Op. cit. 3, 289, n.
14) viii. 1, 2-8, where it is attributed
to the demon Śuṣṇa.
15) Cf. Rv. x. 142, 4, as interpreted
by Sāyaṇa and by Hillebrandt, op. cit.,
2, 64, n. 5
Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, i. 8,
4, 1 (of the model Kuru kings).
16) So, later, Arrian, Indica, vii. 9.
The shouts of either side are shown
in the word krandas (Rv. ii. 12, 8
cf.
vi. 25, 6
x. 121, 6), which came to
mean the ‘shouting host.’ Cf. also
Tacitus, Germania, 2.
Cf. Muir, Sanskrit Texts, 5, 469-
472
Weber, Proceedings of the Berlin
Academy, 1898, 564
Zimmer, Altin-
disches Leben, 293-301. See also Iṣu,
Dhanvan, Ratha. Hopkins, Journal of
the American Oriental Society, 13, 281
et seq., gives a full account of the
later Epic armour and warfare. See
also his note, ibid., 15, 265, 266. For
sacrifice in battle, cf. Purohita.
क्षीरतरङ्गिणी
Sanskrit
संग्रामँ संग्राम युद्धे
संग्राम- संग्रामयति, संग्रामयित्त्वा सिसंग्रामयिषति, असंग्रामयत् संग्रामोऽचि (द्र0 31134) पूर्वेण (10297) सिद्धे ग्रामयतेरेव सोपसर्गान् नियमार्थं सूत्रम् 260
धातुवृत्तिः
Sanskrit
संग्रामँ संग्राम (अर्थः) युद्धे
अयमनुदात्तेत् तथा च तृतीयादिभ्य इत्यत्र कैयटे संग्रामयतिरनुदात्तेद् बोद्धव्य इति पदमञ्जर्य्यां च "अनुदात्तेदयं संग्रामयतिरिष्यत' इति तथा च तत्र भाष्यमपि असंग्रामयत शूर इति, संग्रामशब्दात्तत्करोतीति णिचापि सिद्धाविह संग्रामस्य पाठः सोपसर्गात्सङ्घातात्प्रत्ययार्थस्तेनासंग्रामयत इत्युपसर्गात्पूर्वमड् भवति तथा संग्रामयित्वेत्यत्राधीत्येत्यादिवल्ल्यब् न भवति सिसंग्रामयिषतइत्यत्र समो द्वित्वं भवति अत एव सङ्घातादुत्पत्तिवचदादन्यत्र धातूपसर्गसमुदायात्प्रत्यये विहिताउपसर्गाः पृथक् क्रियन्तइति ज्ञाप्यते तेन परिवृढय्येत्यत्र ल्यबादि भवति अस्यानुदात्तेत्त्वमपाणिनीयमिति पाठस्य तदर्थतया न ज्ञापकत्वभङ्गः 376
Capeller
German
संग्राम॑
m.
 Volksversammlung, Schar,
Heer
Zusammentreffen, Kampf,
Schlacht.
Stchoupak
French
सं-ग्राम-
m.
 collision entre deux armées, combat, bataille.
°जित्- a. victorieux dans le combat
m.
n.
 d'un homme.
°तूर्य- nt. tambour de combat.
°दत्त-
m.
n.
 d'un Brâhmane.
°भूमि-
f.
 champ de bataille.
°मूर्धन्-
m.
 avant-garde, première ligne du combat.
°मृत्यु-
m.
 la mort dans le combat.
°वर्धन- °वर्ष-
m.
n.
 de 2 hommes.
°शिरस्- nt. = °मूर्धन्-।
°सिंह-
m.
n.
 d'un fonctionnaire dans la région infernale.
°सिद्धि-
m.
n.
 d'un éléphant.
संग्रामाग्र-
m.
 = °मूर्धन्-।
संग्रामाङ्गन- nt. = °भूमि-।