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बुध् (budh)

 
शब्दसागरः
English
बुध् (औ) औबुध r. 1st cl. (बोधति) r. 4th cl. (बुध्यते-ति) also (उ, इर) उबुधिर् r.
1st cl. (बोधति-ते) To know, to understand. With प्रति, to look for,
expect. With प्रति and वि, to wake.
Capeller Eng
English
बुध् बो॑धति (बो॑ध°ते), बु॑ध्यते (°ति),
pp.
बुद्ध॑ (q.v. ) wake, awake (intr. ,
r.
trans.
)
watch, notice, heed
(acc. or
gen.
)
perceive, learn, know, understand, regard or know as,
take for (2
acc.
), present with (acc. of
pers.
&
instr.
of th.).
C.
बोध॑यति awaken, revive, restore to consciousness, cause to notice,
attend, or understand
remind of, teach (2
acc.
).
D.
बुभुत्सते wish
to know or learn.
I.
बोबुधीति have knowledge of (acc. ). अनु
awake, watch, notice, perceive, think of, consider.
C.
remind of, teach,
inform. अव awake
perceive, learn, understand.
C.
awaken, remind,
inform, explain. समव perceive, learn. attend to (acc. ). उद्
M.
awake. नि (बोधति) attend to, learn or hear from (gen. ,
r.
सकाशात्), understand, know. प्र (बुध्यते) wake up, be awake,
watch
expand, blossom
(बोधति) know, understand.
C.
awaken, cause
to expand or blossom, make sensible of, admonish, persuade
teach,
instruct (2
acc.
). प्रति awake, expand, blossom, notice, perceive.
C.
awaken, admonish, remind, inform, teach. वि awake
perceive, learn.
C.
awaken, make conscious, bring to reason. सम् awake, watch, perceive,
notice.
C.
awaken (lit. &
fig.
), make attentive to or aware of, exhort,
admonish, teach (2
acc.
). Cf. उद्बुद्ध, प्र॑तिबुद्ध, प्रबुद्ध,
विबुद्ध, संबुद्ध.
Yates
English
बुध् (ब, इर, ञऔउ) बोधति, ते 1.
c.
(य, औ) बुध्यति, ते 4.
c. To know, to
understand. With प्रति to look
for, expect
with वि to be wise
with प्रति and वि to wake.
Apte
English
बुध् [budh], 1
U.
, Ā. (बोधति-ते, बुध्यते, बुद्ध)
To know, understand, comprehend
क्रमादमुं नारद इत्यबोधि सः
Śi.*
1. 3
9.24
नाबुद्ध कल्पद्रुमतां विहाय जातं तमात्मन्यसिपत्रवृक्षम्
R.*
14.48
यदि बुध्यते हरिशिशुः स्तनंधयः
Bv.*
1.53.
To perceive, notice, recognise, mark
हिरण्मयं हंसमबोधि नैषधः
N.*
1.117
अपि लङ्घितमध्वानं बुबुधे बुधोपमः
R.*
1.47
12.39.
To deem, regard, consider, esteem
&c.
To heed, attend to.
To think, reflect.
To wake up, awake, rise from sleep
दददपि गिरमन्तर्बुध्यते नो मनुष्यः
Śi.*
11.4
ते प्रापुरुदन्वन्तं बुबुधे चादिपूरुषः
R.*
1.6.
To regain consciousness, to come to one's senses
शनैरबोधि सुग्रीवः सो$लुञ्चीत्कर्णनासिकम्
Bk.*
15.57.
To advise, admonish.Caus. (बोधयति-ते)
To cause to know, make known, inform, acquaint with.
To teach, communicate, impart.
To advice, admonish
बोधयन्तं हिताहितम्
Bk.*
8.82
मच्चिता मद्गतप्राणा बोधयन्तः परस्परम्
Bg.*
1.9.
To revive, restore to life, bring to senses or consciousness.
To remind, put in mind of
स्मरिष्यति त्वां बोधितो$पि सन्
Ś.*
4.1.
To wake up, rouse, excite (fig. )
अकाले बोधितो भ्रात्रा
R.*
12.81
5.75.
To revive the scent (of a perfume).
To cause to expand, open
मधुरया मधुबोधितमाधवी
Śi.*
6.2
सविता बोधयति पङ्कजान्येव
Ś.*
5.28.
To signify, convey, indicate. -Desid. (बुबु-बो-धिषति-ते, बुभुत्सते) To wish to know
&c.
Apte 1890
English
बुध् {c1c} U., {c4c} A. (बोधति-ते, बुध्यते, बुद्ध) 1 To know, understand, comprehend
क्रमादमुं नारद इत्यबोधि सः Śi. 1. 3
9. 24
नाबुद्ध कल्पद्रुमतां विहाय जातं तमात्मन्यसिपत्रवृक्षं R. 14. 48
यदि बुध्यते हरिशिशुः स्तनंधयः Bv. 1. 53.
2 To perceive, notice, recognise, mark
हिरण्मयं र्हंसमबोधि नैषधः N. 1. 117
अपि लंधितमध्वानं बुबुधे बुधोपमः R. 1. 47
12. 39.
3 To deem, regard, consider, esteem &c.
4 To heed, attend to.
5 To think, reflect.
6 To wake up, awake, rise from sleep
दददपि गिरमंतर्बुध्यते नो मनुष्यः Śi. 11. 4
ते प्रापुरुदन्वंतं बुबुधे चादिपूरुषः R. 10. 6.
7 To regain consciousness, to come to one's senses
शनैरबोधि सुग्रीवः सोऽलुंचीत्कर्णनासिकं Bk. 15. 57.
8 To advise, admonish.
Caus. (बोधयति-ते) 1 To cause to know, make known, inform, acquaint with.
2 To teach, communicate, impart.
3 To advise, admonish
बोधयंतं हिताहितं Bk. 8. 82
Bg. 10. 9.
4 To revive, restore to life, bring to senses or consciousness.
5 To remind, put in mind of
स्मर्षियति त्वां बोधितोऽपि सन् Ś. 4. 1.
6 To wake up, rouse, excite (fig.)
अकाले बोधितो भ्रात्रा R. 12. 81, 5. 75.
7 To revive the scent (of a perfume).
8 To cause to expand, open
मधुरवा मधुबोधितमाधवी Śi. 6. 20
सविता बोधयति पंकजान्येव Ś. 5. 28.
9 To signify, convey, indicate.
Desid. (बुबु-बो-धिषति-ते, बुभुत्सते) To wish to know &c.
Monier Williams Cologne
English
1. बुध्
cl.
1. Ā.
P.
(Dhātup. xxi, 11) बोधति, °ते
cl.
4. Ā. xxvi, 63 बु॑ध्यते (ep. also
P.
°ति
pf.
P.
बुबोध,
MBh.
Subj. बु॑बोधति,
RV.
Ā. बुबुधे॑,
p.
बुबुधान॑, ib.
aor.
P.
Subj. बोधिषत्, ib.
Impv.
बोधि, ib.
Ā. 3.
pl.
अबुध्रम्, °रन्
p.
बुधान॑, ib. Subj. बुध॑न्त, ib.
°अभुत्सि, ib.
Prec. Ā. भुत्सीष्ट,
Pāṇ.
i, 2, 11, Sch.
fut. भोत्स्यति, °ते,
Br.
&c.
बोद्धा
Gr.
ind.
p.
बुद्ध्वा,
Yājñ.
MBh.
-बुध्य,
Br.
&c.
inf.
बु॑धे,
Br.
बुधि॑,
RV.
बोद्धुम्,
MBh.
&c.
),
to wake, wake up, be awake,
RV.
&c.
&c.
to recover consciousness (after a swoon), Kāvyād.
Bhaṭṭ.
(aor.
Pass.
अबोधि)
to observe, heed, attend to (with
acc.
or
gen.
),
RV.
to perceive, notice, learn, understand, become or be aware of or acquainted with,
RV.
&c.
&c.
to think of i.e. present a person (‘with’ instr.),
RV.
iv, 15, 7
vii, 21, 1
to know to be, recognize as (with two
acc.
),
MBh.
R.
&c.
to deem, consider or regard as (with two
acc.
),
R.
Kathās.
:
Pass.
बुध्यते (aor. अबोधि), to be awakened or restored to consciousness
See above:
Caus.
बोध॑यति, °ते (aor. अबूबुधत्
Pass.
बोध्यते),
to wake up, arouse, restore to life or consciousness,
RV.
&c.
&c.
to revive the scent (of a perfume),
VarBṛS.
to cause (a flower) to expand,
Kāv.
to cause to observe or attend, admonish, advise,
RV.
&c.
&c.
to make a person acquainted with, remind or inform of, impart or communicate anything to (with two
acc.
),
MBh.
Kāv.
&c.
:
Desid.
बुभुत्सति, °ते (Gr. also बुबोधिषति, °ते, and बुबुधिषति, °ते), to wish to observe, desire to become acquainted with,
Nyāyas.
BhP.
:
Desid.
of
Caus.
See बिबोधयिषु and बुबोधयिषु:
Intens.
बोबुधीति (Gr. also बोबुध्यते, बोबोद्धि), to have an insight into, understand thoroughly (with
acc.
),
Subh.
बुध् [cf. Zd. bud
Gk. πυθ for (ϕυθ) in πυνθάνομαι, πυθέσθαι,
Slav.
bǔděti, bǔdrǔ
Lith.
budė́ti, budrùs
Goth.
biudan
Germ.
biotan, bieten
Angl.Sax. béodan
Eng.
bid.]
2. बुध्
mfn.
(nom. भुत्) awaking (cf. उषर्बु॑ध्)
intelligent, wise (cf. अ-बुध्).
Monier Williams 1872
English
बुध् 1. बुध्, cl. 1. P. A. बोधति, -ते
(Ved. Impv. 2nd sing. बोधि, but this is
often referred to rt. 1. भू), बुबोध, बुबुधे, बो-
धिष्यति, -ते, अबुधत्, अबोधीत्, अभुत्सत्, अबुद्-
ध, बोधितुम्, and more commonly cl. 4. A. (ep.
also P.) बुध्यते (-ति), बुबुधे (part. बुबुधान),
भोत्स्यते, अबोधि or अबुद्ध (1st sing. अभुत्सि,
1st pl. अभुत्स्महि, 2nd pl. अभुद्ध्वम्), भुत्-
सीष्ट, बोद्धुम् (Ved. बुधि, Sāy. = बोधे सति
बुधन्त, अबुध्रम्, बोधिषत्, बुबोधस्
the
original sense may have been ‘to fathom a depth,
penetrate to the bottom
cf. बुध्न)
to observe,
mark, heed, regard, attend to (with acc. or gen.)
to perceive, notice, become acquainted with, recog-
nise
to know, understand, comprehend
to think,
reflect
to deem, consider, regard as, esteem as (with
two acc.)
to recover consciousness (after a swoon or
after sleep &c.), come to one's senses
to wake up,
awake
to admonish: Caus. बोधयति (Ved. also
-ते?), -यितुम्, Aor. अबूबुधत् (Ved. part. बुबु-
धान, q. v.
Pres. part. Pass. बोध्यमान, q. v.),
to cause to observe or attend, excite the attention of
(with acc.)
to cause to know or understand, render
intelligible, make known, inform, teach
to revive,
re-animate, restore to life, to bring any one to his
senses, cause to listen to reason, admonish, advise
to remind any one of anything (with two acc.)
to
raise, cause (a perfume)
to wake, wake up, rouse
to wake (metaphorically), cause (a flower) to expand:
Desid. बुबोधिषति, -ते, बुबुधिषति, -ते, बु-
भुत्सते, to wish to observe, desire to become ac-
quainted with: Intens. बोबुध्यते, बोबोद्धि: [cf.
Zend bud, ‘to observe, to awake:’ Gr. πυνθ-άνο-μαι,
ἐ-πυθ-όμην, πεύθ-ο-μαι, πύσ-τι-ς, πεῦ-σι-ς,
πύσ-μα, πευθ-ήν, βυθ
ος: Lat. fundus: Goth. bud,
‘to bid
biuda, bauth, budum: Angl. Sax. bytne,
botm, beodan, boda, bodian: Old Germ. biutan:
Mod. Germ. biete, ge-biete: Slav. bud-i-ti, ‘he
awakens
bŭd-ĕ-ti, ‘to wake:’ Russ. bdju, ‘I
wake
bodrüĭ, ‘wakeful:’ Lith. bund-ù, Inf. bu-
déti, ‘to wake
bud-rù-s, ‘wakeful.’]
2. बुध्, भुत्, त्, त्, wise, prudent [cf. अ-ब्°]
waking, awaking [cf. उषर्-ब्°].
Macdonell
English
बुध् BUDH, Ⅰ. P. bódha (usual form in 🞄V.), Ⅳ. Ā. (metr. also P.) búdhya 🞄(common in C.
almost invariably used in 🞄E.), awake (also fig. of the Dawn)
regain 🞄consciousness
be awake or wakeful
become 🞄aware of or acquianted with
notice, 🞄give heed to (g.)
perceive, understand, learn, 🞄know
know to be, recognise as (2 ac.)
deem, 🞄regard as (2 ac.)
think of any one = present 🞄with (in.
V.)
awaken, arouse: pp. buddha, 🞄q. v.
cs. bodháya, P. awaken, arouse
revive, 🞄restore to life
cause to open or expand 🞄(flower)
elicit (a perfume)
remind or put 🞄in mind of, admonish
attract any oneʼs attention
🞄bring to oneʼs senses
make known, 🞄communicate, or impart to (2 ac.)
inform, of, 🞄acquaint with (2. ac.)
cause to be understood, 🞄render intelligible: pp. bodhita, instructed 🞄in (lc.)
informed about (prati)
des. 🞄bubhutsa, Ā. wish to know
intv. bobudhīti, 🞄understand something (ac.) thoroughly. anu, 🞄Ⅳ. Ā. become aware of, learn
think of, regard
🞄cs. remind of, inform. ava, Ⅳ. Ā. 🞄awake
perceive
know, understand
🞄cs. awaken, rouse
remind
cause to be understood
🞄inform
des. wish to know. 🞄sam-ava, become aware of, learn. ā, Ⅰ. P. give 🞄heed to (RV.¹). ud, awake: pp. expanded, 🞄blooming
manifested. prati‿ud, pp. awakened 🞄(int.). sam-ud, cs. excite, arouse. ni, 🞄Ⅰ. P. pay heed to or mark (g.
V.)
otherwise 🞄[Page197-2] 🞄always 2 sg. or
pl.
impv. P. (C.) or Ā. (E., 🞄rare), hear, learn (ac.)
know or understand 🞄ome one to be or that some one is (2 ac.). 🞄saṃ-ni, Ⅰ. P. only 2. sg. &
pl.
impv. learn, 🞄mark (ac.). pra, Ⅳ. Ā. awake or be 🞄wakened
expand, open (flower)
Ⅰ. P. recognise 🞄(ac.) as: pp. awake
blown (flower)
🞄developed, manifested
begun to take effect 🞄(spell)
recognised
enlightened (mind)
clearsighted
🞄wise
cs. waken, rouse
cause to 🞄expand or open (flowers)
inform
admonish
🞄teach, instruct (2 ac.). anu-pra, cs. remind. 🞄vi-pra, pp. awakened
cs. discuss. saṃ-pra, 🞄Ⅳ. Ā. begin to take effect (spell): pp. 🞄awakened
cs. waken, rouse
persuade
discuss. 🞄prati, Ⅳ. Ā. awake
expand (flower)
🞄perceive, observe (ac. or g.): pr. pt. búdhyamāna, awakened again
pp. (práti-), 🞄awakened (also of the dawn)
enlightened 🞄(person, mind)
cs. waken, rouse
inform, instruct, 🞄enlighten. vi, Ⅳ. Ā. awake
hear 🞄of, learn: pp. awakened
expanded (flower)
🞄enlightened, wise, experienced, in (lc.)
cs. 🞄waken, rouse
restore to consciousness
instruct, 🞄bring to oneʼs senses. sam, Ⅳ. Ā. 🞄awake
perceive, become aware, of, recognise: 🞄pr. pt. acting consciously
pp. intelligent, 🞄wise
perceived, recognised
cs. awaken, 🞄arouse (also fig.)
inform, instruct, enlighten 🞄(2 ac.)
address. abhi-sam, Ⅳ. Ā. awake 🞄fully to, thoroughly grasp (knowledge)
be 🞄thoroughly understood or recognised: pp. 🞄enlightened
versed in (lc.)
fully understanding
🞄fully recognised. prati-sam, pp. 🞄restored to consciousness.
Benfey
English
बुध् बुध्, i. 1, Par. Ātm. , i. 4, Ātm.
(in epic poetry also Par., MBh. 1, 5053)
originally, To fathom, to penetrate (cf.
ved. बुध् + न, Depth, ground
A.S.
bytne, botm
βυθός
Lat. fundus).
1.
To understand, Hit. i. d. 92 (pass.).
2. To know, MBh. 1, 5148 (i. 4).
3.
To think, Hit. i. d. 3.
4. To perceive,
MBh. 3, 2893 (i. 4)
Lass. 55, 12 (Ātm. )
14 (Par.).
5. To admonish, Pañc. i.
d. 176, (बोद्धव्य, in the sense of
बोधयितव्य).
6. i. 4, To recover one's
senses, Bhaṭṭ. 15, 57.
7. i. 4, To awake,
Rām. 1, 46, 19
pass., Pañc. 183, 2
Śiś. 9, 24. Ptcple. of the pf. pass.
बुद्ध,
1. Known, understood.
2.
Knowing, Vedāntas. in Chr. 215, 5.
m.
1. A sage.
2. The founder of the
Bauddha religion.
Comp.
अ-,
adj.
foolish.
Comp.
ptcple. of the fut. pass.
अश्व-बुध्य,
adj.
cognoscible, distin-
guished by horses, Chr. 294, 7 = Rigv.
i. 92, 7. Caus. बोधय,
1. To cause
to know (with two acc.), to inform,
MBh. 2, 2506.
2. To advise, 3, 12774.
3. To admonish, 1, 5785.
4. To awaken,
Pañc. i. d. 351
MBh. 1, 5959.
5. To
expand (as a flower), Śāk. d. 124. बो-
धित, Brought to consciousness, Daśak.
in Chr. 194, 14. -- With the prep. अनु
अनु, i. 4, Ātm.
1. To learn, MBh. 3,
14779.
2. To know, Daśak. in Chr.
197, 17.
3. To remember, MBh. 1, 4874.
4. To awake, 1, 5024. Caus. To cause
to remember, Śāk. 4, 16. अनुबोधित,
Informed or convinced by reflection. --
With अव अव, i. 4, Ātm.
1. To know,
MBh. 2, 1371.
2. To perceive, Man. 8,
53.
3. To awake, Rām. 2. 72, 50, ed.
Ser. Caus. To inform, MBh. 1, 5811.
-- With समव सम्-अव, i. 4, Ātm. To
know, to perceive, Rām. 2, 9, 31. -- With
नि नि, i. 1,
1. To learn, Man. 1, 119.
2.
To hear, MBh. 3, 311.
3. To know, 3,
2443. -- With प्र प्र,
1. i. 1, To awaken,
MBh. 3, 10635.
2. i. 4, To awake, Hit.
iii. d. 142
Kathās. 3, 65. प्रबुद्ध,
1. Wise, Pañc. 4, 22.
2. Wakened,
awakened, Utt. Rāmac. 36, 12
awake,
Hit. 14, 7, M.M.
3. Expanded. Caus.
1. To cause to know, to inform, to ad-
monish, Pañc. 121, 10
Ragh. 3, 68
to instruct, Hit. i. d. 53, M.M.
2. To
awaken, Rām. 2, 56, 1. प्रबोधित,
1.
Instructed.
2. Aroused. -- With वि-
प्र वि-प्र, विप्रबुद्ध, Awakened,
aroused, Megh. 110. -- With प्रति प्रति,
i. 4, To awake, Man. 1, 74. प्रतिबुद्-
ध,
1. Known.
2. Wakened, awake.
3. Exalted. Caus.
1. To inform, Ragh.
1, 75.
2. To admonish, to instruct,
Pañc. 87, 24.
3. To charge one with,
Rām. 2, 52, 35.
4. To awaken, Śāk.
d. 143. प्रतिबोधित,
1. Instructed.
2. Awakened. -- With वि वि, i. 4, To
awake, MBh. 2, 162. विबुद्ध,
1.
Awake.
2. Opened (as a flower),
Mālav. d. 60. Caus.
1. To awaken.
2.
To instruct, Daśak. 181. 17. -- With
सम् सम्, i. 4,
1. To know, MBh. 1,
2498.
2. To be wise, 2, 2187 (Par.).
Caus.
1. To cause to agree, Pañc.
101, 11.
2. To exhort, Pañc. 84, 1
to admonish, Pañc. 103, 2.
3. With
परस्परम्, To come to an explana-
tion with each other, Pañc. 101,
11.
4. To ask, MBh. 1, 3521. -- With
प्रतिसम् प्रति-सम्, प्रतिसंबुद्ध,
Recovered, MBh. 3, 12519. -- Cf. πυθμήν, πυνθάνομαι, πεύθομαι
Lat. puteus (cf.
रुधिर and बन्ध्), putare
Goth.
biudan
A.S. beodan, boda, bodian,
bodare, and look to the beginning of
this article.
Hindi
Hindi
पता है.
Apte Hindi
Hindi
बुध्
"भ्वा* उभ* , , दिवा* आ* , " - -
"जानना, समझना, संबोध होना"
बुध्
"भ्वा* उभ* , , दिवा* आ* , " - -
"प्रत्यक्ष करना, देखना, पहचानना, ध्यान से देखना"
बुध्
"भ्वा* उभ* , , दिवा* आ* , " - -
"सोचना, विचार करना, समझना, मानना आदि"
बुध्
"भ्वा* उभ* , , दिवा* आ* , " - -
"ध्यान देना, चित्त लगाना"
बुध्
"भ्वा* उभ* , , दिवा* आ* , " - -
"सोचना, विमर्श करना"
बुध्
"भ्वा* उभ* , , दिवा* आ* , " - -
"जागना, सचेत होना, सोकर उठना"
बुध्
"भ्वा* उभ* , , दिवा* आ* , " - -
"फिर से सचेत होना, होश में आना"
बुध्
"भ्वा* उभ*प्रेर*, " - -
"जतलाना, ज्ञात करना, सूचित करना, परिचित करना"
बुध्
"भ्वा* उभ*प्रेर*, " - -
"अध्यापन करना, समाचार देना (शिक्षा आदि) प्रदान करना"
बुध्
"भ्वा* उभ*प्रेर*, " - -
"परामर्श देना, चेताना"
बुध्
"भ्वा* उभ*प्रेर*, " - -
"पुनर्जीवित करना, फिर जान डालना, होश दिलाना, सचेत करना"
बुध्
"भ्वा* उभ*प्रेर*, " - -
"फिर ध्यान दिलाना, याद दिलाना"
बुध्
"भ्वा* उभ*प्रेर*, " - -
"जगाना, उठाना, उत्तेजित करना "
बुध्
"भ्वा* उभ*प्रेर*, " - -
(गंधद्रव्य को) फिर से सुवासित करना
बुध्
"भ्वा* उभ*प्रेर*, " - -
"फैलाना, खिलाना"
बुध्
"भ्वा* उभ*प्रेर*, " - -
"द्योदित करना, संवहन करना, संकेत करना"
बुध्
"भ्वा* उभ* इच्छा* , , , , " - -
जानने की इच्छा करना आदि
L R Vaidya
English
buD {% vt. or vi. 1U, 4A (pp. बुद्ध
pres. बोधति-ते, बुध्यते) %} 1. To know, to understand, to comprehend, नाबुद्ध कल्पद्रुमतां विहाय जातं तमात्यन्यसिपत्रवृक्षम् R.xiv.48, M.vii.68, Bh.V.i.53
2. to mark, to attend to, to notice, to recognize, अपि लंघितमध्वानं बुबुधे बुधोपमः R.i.47, xii.39
3. to regard as, to esteem as, to consider
4. to think, to reflect
5. to awake, to wake up, ते प्रापुरुदन्वंतं बुबुधे चादिपूरुषः R.x.6
6. to be restored to one’s senses, शनैरबोधि सुग्रीवः Bt.xiv.57.With अनु-, 1. to know, to learn, to understand
2. to be aware of.With अव-, to know, to learn, Bt.xv.101.With उद्-, 1. to awake
2. to expand.With नि-, to know, to learn, to understand, K.S.iii.14, v.52
2. to regard as, to consider as.With प्र-, 1. to awake, to wake up, Sis.ix.30
2. to blow, to expand, साभ्रेऽह्रीव स्थलकमलिनीं प्रबुद्धां सुप्ताम् Megh.ii.27.With प्रति-, to wake, to wake up, M.i.74.With सम्-, to know, to understand, to learn, संभुत्सीष्ठाः स्वनयनैर्विद्विषामीहितानि Bt.xix.30.
buD {% Caus. (बोधयति-ते) %} 1. to make known, to inform
2. to revive, to restore to life
3. to advise, to admonish, बोधयंतः परस्परम् Bg.x.9
4. to remind any one of anything
5. to renew the scent (of a perfume)
6. to wake up, to rouse, प्राबोधयन्नुषसि वाग्मिरुदारवाचः R.v.65, 75
7. to cause to expand (as a flower).With अनु-, to advise, to admonish, R.viii.75.With अव-, 1. to make known, to inform, to draw the attention of, चलवलयक्वणितैरवबोधय हरिमपि निजगतिशीलम् Git.G.xi.
2. to awaken to rouse, R.xii.23.With उद्-, 1. to awaken, to excite
2. to cause to expand.With प्र-, 1. to awaken, to rouse, R.v.65, vi.56
2. to inform, to make known, R.iii.68.With प्रति-, 1. to inform, to communicate, अथैनं प्रत्यबोधयत् R.i.74
2. to rouse, to awaken.With वि-, 1. to awaken, to rouse
2. to restore to life, विवशा कामवधूर्विबोधिता K.S.iv.1.With सम्-, to inform, to give information, तवागतिज्ञं समबोधयन्माम् R.xiii.25.
Bopp
Latin
बुध् 4. P. A. etiam 1. P. A.
1) cognoscere, percipere. N.
22. 4.: प्रतिवाक्यञ्च…बुध्येथाः
MAH. 2. 2506.: बु-
ड्या बुध्येन् नवा बुध्येद् अयम्
3. 557.: ताम् अबुध्यद्
अमेयात्मा बलवान्…पर्यपृच्छत ताम् भीमः.
2) sci-
re. H. 4. 42.: त्वाम् बुध्यामहे वयं समेतम् भीम-
रूपेण रक्षसा
DR. 6. 15.: बुध्यते नाथवतीम् इहा
ऽद्य वहिश्चरं हृदयम् पाण्डवानाम्
8. 25.: बुबोध
हतं सूतं राजा बाहुशालिना. -- बुद्ध doctus, sa-
piens. BR. 2. 27.
3) nosse. MAH. 1. 5148.: ना ऽबुध्य-
न्तच तञ् जनाः.
4) putare. RAM. 1. 50. 13.: तानि
वर्षाण्य अतीतानि बुबोधै ऽकम् अहर् यथा.
5) (ATM.)
expergisci. R. Schl. I. 46. 19.: ततो दितिर् अबुध्यत
N. 10. 17.: नच बुध्येत मे प्रिया
13. 19.: दमयन्तीच
बुबुधे. -- Caus.
1) certiorem facere, docere, nuntiare.
M. 28.: बोधयाम्य् अद्य यत् ते हितम् अनुत्तमम्
BH.
10. 9.: बोधयन्तः परस्परम्.
2) expergefacere. H. 2.
35.: सुखसुप्तान्…न भयाद् बोधयिष्यामि. (Cf. बुद्,
बुन्द्, बुन्ध् audire
zend. 𐬠𐬎𐬜 budh videre, 𐬠𐬏𐬌𐬜𐬌𐬌𐬉
bûidhyê video, 𐬠𐬏𐬌𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬋𐬌𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬉 bûidyôimaidhê vi-
deamus (gr. comp. 41. 472.)
lith. bundu vigilo, budrùs
vigil, vigilans, nu-bundù expergiscor, praet. nu-buddau
pa-budinu expergefacio
russ. bdju vigilo, bodryĭ vigil
slav. bûditj expergefacit = Caus. बोधयति, v. gr. comp.
562.
goth. BUD jubere, mandare, biuda, bauth, budum
(nostrum biete, ge-biete), ana-bus-ns, ana-buz-ns man-
datum, v. बुध् praef. प्रति Caus. jubere
ita a ज्ञा scire
अभ्यनुज्ञा mandare
gr. ΠΥΘ, πυνϑάνομαι, ἐπυϑόμην
mutatâ mediâ in tenuem, v. बन्ध्
fortasse lat. puto
e pudo.)
c. अनु 4. A.
1) comperire, cognoscere. MAH. 14799.: अ-
नुबुध्येत नृपो ऽस्माकञ् चिकीर्षितम्.
2) recor-
dari. MAH. 1. 4874.: तु कामपरीतात्मा तं शापम्
ना ऽन्वबुध्यत.
3) expergisci. MAH. 1. 5024.: दष्टो ऽन्व-
बुध्यत.
c. अव 4. A.
1) sentire, percipere, animadvertere. MAH.
1. 5051.: सुस्राव रेतो ऽस्य सच तन् ना ऽवबुध्यत.
2) scire. R. Schl. II. 74. 10.: किन् ना ऽवबुध्यसे क्रूरे
नियतम् बन्धुसंश्रयम् ज्येष्ठम् पितृसमं रामम्.
3) co-
gnoscere. MAH. 2. 1371.: धर्मम् अवबुध्येत
3. 1363.:
त्वाञ् चेत् श्रुत्वा तात तथा चरन्तम् अवभोत्स्यन्ते
भरतानाञ् चराः.
4) expergisci. RAM. II. 72. 50.: क-
च्चित् काले ऽवबुध्यसे. -- Caus. certiorem facere.
MAH. 1. 5811.: अस्मान् अवबोधयत्.
c. अव praef. सम् 4. A. intelligere. R. Schl. II. 9. 31.: ना
ऽहं समवबुध्येय…राज्ञश् चिकीर्षितम्.
c. नि 1. P. interdum A.
1) comperire, percipere, cognos-
cere, praesertim in 2. p. Imper. N. 22. 6.: दमयन्त्या
वचः…निबोध
SA. 5. 28.: वचो निबोध मे
6. 13.:
सत्यम् एतन् निबोध त्वम्
MAN. 1. 119.: इदम् म-
त्सकाशान् निबोधत
MAH. 1. 1353.: निबोधस्व.
2) scire. N. 12. 43.: राजपुत्रीन् निबोध माम्.
c. प्र
1) 1. A. expergefacere. MAH. 3. 10653.: व्याघ्रं शया-
नम् प्रति मा प्रबोध.
2) 4. A. expergisci. HIT. 107. 13.:
सूर्योदये प्रबुध्यते. -- Caus.
1) certiorem facere. RAGH.
3. 68.
2) expergefacere. H. 2. 34. 3. 6. 4. 2.
c. प्रति 4. A. expergisci. R. Schl. II. 14. 50. Etiam Par.
MAH. 1. 5053.: तन् दृष्ट्वा प्रतिबुध्यन्तम्. -- Caus.
1) certiorem facere. RAGH. 1. 74.
2) mandare, jubere.
R. Schl. II. 52. 35.: रामेण सुमन्त्रः प्रतिबोधितः.
3) ex-
pergefacere. R. Schl. II. 65. 12.: भर्तारम् प्रत्यबोधयन्.
c. वि 4. A. expergisci. MAH. 2. 162.: कच्चित् काले वि-
बुध्यसे
H. 4. 24.: तयोः शब्देन महता विबुद्धास् ते.
c. सम् 4. A. P.
1) nosse. MAH. 2. 1498.: कस्मान् स-
म्बुध्येत…ससुरासुरलोकानाम् अशेषेण मनोगतम्.
2) intelligere, sapere. MAH. 2. 2187.: मन्द सम्बु-
ध्यसे. -- Caus. monere. MAH. 1. 1427.: युष्मान् सम्बो-
धयाम्य् एष यथा हरेद् बलात्.
c. सम् praef. प्रति resipiscere. MAH. 12519.: सो ऽहम्
ऐश्वर्यमोहेन…पतितः प्रतिसम्बुद्धः.
Lanman
English
√budh (bódhati, -te
búdhyate
bubódha,
bubudhé
ábuddha [160]
bhotsyáti,
-te
buddhá
bóddhum
buddhvā́
-búdhya).
—1. be awake
—2. come to
consciousness
hence
—3. notice
give
heed to, w. gen., 76^12
—4. notice, i. e.
perceive
and so, become acquainted with
understand
—5. rarely, (like Eng. remember
a person, i. e.) presént a person
with a thing (instr.)
--caus.
—6a. cause
to notice or understand
—6b. teach
announce to.
[for *bhudh, orig. ‘be awake, cf.
Church Slavonic bŭd-ĕti, ‘be awake’: the
cognate words of the related languages
agree closely in form, but show considerable
diversity of mgs: mg 4 mediates
the transition to the idea of the Greek
√πυθ, *φυθ, in πυθέσθαι, ‘find out’: mgs 5
and 6 form the bridge to the principal
Germanic mgs, ‘offer’ and ‘command’:
cf. Goth. ana-biud-an, (prob. ‘give notice
to, and so) ‘command, AS. beōd-an,
‘announce, offer, command, Eng. bid,
‘announce, offer in words, offer in general,
esp. at an auction, declare, proclaim, command,
invite, Ger. biet-en, ‘offer’
(from
an entirely different root is Eng. bid, AS.
biddan, Ger. bitten, ‘pray, as in bid beads,
‘pray prayers’
) cf. also Eng. noun bode,
‘announcement, whence denom. verb
bode, ‘foretell’: for mg 5, observe the
analogy of Ger. Jemand bedenken, ‘remember
or take notice of a person esp. in
one's will, i. e. make a bequest to.’]
+ ni, attend to, 58^1
understand, know,
7^9.
+ pra, come forth (from sleep) to consciousness
awake, intrans.
+ prati, awake, intrans.
awake, trans.,
76^3.
Kridanta Forms
Sanskrit
बुध् (बु꣡धँ꣡ अवगमने - भ्वादिः - सेट्)
ल्युट् = बोधनम्
अनीयर् = बोधनीयः - बोधनीया
ण्वुल् = बोधकः - बोधिका
तुमुँन् = बोधितुम्
तव्य = बोधितव्यः - बोधितव्या
तृच् = बोधिता - बोधित्री
क्त्वा = बोधित्वा / बुधित्वा
ल्यप् = प्रबुध्य
क्तवतुँ = बुधितवान् / बोधितवान् - बुधितवती / बोधितवती
क्त = बुधितः / बोधितः - बुधिता / बोधिता
शतृँ = बोधन् - बोधन्ती
बुध् (बु꣡धिँ॑र् बोधने - भ्वादिः - सेट्)
ल्युट् = बोधनम्
अनीयर् = बोधनीयः - बोधनीया
ण्वुल् = बोधकः - बोधिका
तुमुँन् = बोधितुम्
तव्य = बोधितव्यः - बोधितव्या
तृच् = बोधिता - बोधित्री
क्त्वा = बोधित्वा / बुधित्वा
ल्यप् = प्रबुध्य
क्तवतुँ = बुधितवान् / बोधितवान् - बुधितवती / बोधितवती
क्त = बुधितः / बोधितः - बुधिता / बोधिता
शतृँ = बोधन् - बोधन्ती
शानच् = बोधमानः - बोधमाना
बुध् (बु॒धँ॒ अवगमने - दिवादिः - अनिट्)
ल्युट् = बोधनम्
अनीयर् = बोधनीयः - बोधनीया
ण्वुल् = बोधकः - बोधिका
तुमुँन् = बोद्धुम्
तव्य = बोद्धव्यः - बोद्धव्या
तृच् = बोद्धा - बोद्ध्री
क्त्वा = बुद्ध्वा
ल्यप् = प्रबुध्य
क्तवतुँ = बुद्धवान् - बुद्धवती
क्त = बुद्धः - बुद्धा
शानच् = बुध्यमानः - बुध्यमाना
धातुपाठः (Krishnacharya)
Sanskrit
धातुः:
बुध्
मूलधातुः:
बुध
धात्वर्थः:
बोधने
गणः:
भ्वादिः
कर्मकत्वं:
सकर्मकः
इट्त्वं:
सेट्
उपग्रहः:
परस्मैपदी
रूपम्:
बोधति
धातुः:
बुध्
मूलधातुः:
बुध
धात्वर्थः:
अवगमने
गणः:
दिवादिः
कर्मकत्वं:
सकर्मकः
इट्त्वं:
अनिट्
उपग्रहः:
आत्मनेपदी
रूपम्:
बुद्ध्यते
धातुः:
बुध्
मूलधातुः:
बुधिर्
धात्वर्थः:
बोधने
गणः:
भ्वादिः
कर्मकत्वं:
सकर्मकः
इट्त्वं:
सेट्
उपग्रहः:
उभयपदी
रूपम्:
बोधति-ते
अनुबन्धादिविशेषः:
इरित्
Schmidt Nachtrage zum Sanskrit Worterbuch
German
1. बुध् mit प्रा Kaus. erwecken, anfachen, Pārv. 529, 5. Mit वि Kaus. an den Tag legen, bezeugen, Jātakam. 31, 69.
Wordnet
Sanskrit
Synonyms:
ज्ञा, विद्, बुध्
verb
ज्ञानस्य क्रिया
"जानन्नपि हि मेधावी जडवल्लोक आचरेत् [मनु 2.110]"
Synonyms:
ज्ञा, अवे, विद्, अवगम्, बुध्, परिज्ञा, प्रबुध्
verb
कस्यचन स्वभावगुणानां बोधानुकूलः व्यापारः।
"अहं तम् अजानाम्।"
Synonyms:
ज्ञा, अवगम्, बुध्, अवबुध्
verb
ज्ञानप्राप्त्यनुकूलः व्यापारः।
"भवतः कथनस्य आशयं जानामि अहम्।"
Synonyms:
अवगम्, बुध्, अवबुध्, विद्, ज्ञा, ग्रह्, परिग्रह्, उपलभ्, ऊह्, विभावय, अवधारय
verb
कञ्चन विषयं बुद्धौ धारणानुकूलः व्यापारः।
"अवबोधनान्तरमपि सः इदं कूटं अवागमत्।"
Synonyms:
ज्ञा, विद्, बुध्, अवगम्, अव इ, अभि ज्ञा, अनुविद्, अभिसंविद्, अवबुध्, आविद्, प्रज्ञा
verb
बोधनानुकूलः व्यापारः।
"न हि सर्वः सर्वं जानाति।"
Capeller
German
बुध् बो॑धति, (°ते), बु॑ध्यते (°ति) erwachen,
wachen, merken, achten auf (Gen. o.
Acc.), wahrnehmen, erfahren, wissen
erkennen als, halten für (2. Acc.)
erwecken.
p. p. बुद्ध॑ erwacht, erleuchtet,
klug, weise, erkannt, erfahren (s. auch
bes). Caus. बोध॑यति, °ते erwecken, wiederbeleben,
erinnern, mahnen, anführen,
andeuten
jemd. erinnern an, aufmerksam
machen auf (2 Acc.). Des. बुभुत्सते
kennen lernen wollen. Intens. बोबुधीति
etwas verstehen. अनु erwachen, gewahren.
Caus. erwecken, erinnern, mahnen.
अव erwachen
inne werden, merken, wissen.
Caus. wekcen
etw. zur Erklenntnis
bringen. नि auf etw. (Acc.) achten,
merken. प्र aufwachen
Caus. aufwecken,
überreden, überzeugen, jmd. etwas lehren
o. mitteilen (2 Acc.). प्रति erwachen,
sich entfalten, aufblühen
wahrnehmen,
bemerken. p. p. प्र॑तिबुद्ध erwacht, wahrgenommen,
erkannt. Caus. wecken,
jemd, belehren
aufklären. वि erwachen
Caus. erwecken. सम् erwachen,
wahrnehmen, erkennen. p. p. संबुद्ध aufgeweckt,
verständig
erkannt. Caus.
wecken, jemd. aufklären, belehren über
(2 Acc.)
Grassman
German
√budh [Cu. 〔328〕]. Grundbegriff ist „erwachen, wachen“, welcher als solcher im RV. klar hervortritt und sich im slavo-lettischen erhalten hat. Hieraus floss der Begriff „geistig wachsam, regsam, achtsam sein“, wobei im RV. oft das Bild festgehalten ist
dann aber weiter ohne Bild „worauf [G., A.] merken, achten“, was zum Begriff des gr. πυνϑάνομαι hinüberleitet. Zweimal ({311, 7}
{537, 1}) kommt es mit der Bedeutung „jemand [A.] womit [I.] bedenken“, d. h. „ihn damit beschenken“ vor
und einmal geht in Verbindung mit die Bedeutung „auf jemand merken“ in die Bedeutung „jemandem durch dargebotene Gaben seine Aufmerksamkeit beweisen, ihm Gaben darbieten“ über ({221, 7} yás me pṛṇā́t yás dádat yás nibódhat). Das scheint die Brücke zum deutschen: bieten (go. biudan) zu bilden. 1〉 erwachen
2〉 wachen, wachsam sein
3〉 regsam, achtsam sein
4〉 worauf [G., A.] merken, achten
5〉 jemand [A.] womit [I.] bedenken, beschenken. Causale: 1〉 erwecken [A.], oft auch mit dem Instr. des Erweckungsmittels
2〉 jemand [A.] wodurch [I.] erwecken, d. h. zur Aufmerksamkeit reizen, oft mit festgehaltenem Bilde
3〉 jemand [A.] wozu [D.] erwecken.
Mit ā́ worauf [A.] achten.
úd erwachen.
1〉 worauf [G.] achten
2〉 jemandem [D.] Gaben darbieten (s. o.).
prá 1〉 erwachen
2〉 Caus. erwecken [A.], auch bildlich. [Page908]
práti 1〉 regsam, aufmerksam sein
2〉 etwas [A. G.] wahrnehmen, beachten
3〉 jemand [A.] erwecken.
Caus. erwecken.
Stamm I. bódha:
-ati 3〉 {216, 2} góbhis rayím paprathat tmánā
{364, 4} sukīrtís tmánā.
-āmasi 5〉 tvā yajñaís {537, 1}.
-āti [Co. I.] 3〉 mánasā yajāti {77, 2}.
-at [Co. II.] 5〉 háribhiām {311, 7}.
-āt [Co. III.] 2〉 {221, 7} (s. o.).
-a (-ā) 3〉 {982, 5} (stotré váyas dádhat)
4〉 vácasas {147, 2}
stómam {537, 1}
manīṣā́m {538, 4}. ā́ vā́cam {538, 3}.
-atu 4〉 {223, 4} śṛṇótu nas tmánā.
-atam [2. d.] 5〉 hávasya {227, 6}
{655, 4}.
-antu 2〉 {29, 4} Gegensatz sasántu.
bodha:
-atam [2. d.] 4〉 kānvásya {629, 3}
{630, 2}
tásya {658, 1}—_{658, 3}
asyá {918, 12}.
Stamm II. budhya (vgl. Part.):
-adhvam úd {927, 1}.
Stamm III. budh, bodh (oder Aorist):
-udhanta práti 2〉 samidhānám {525, 4}
tvā {594, 5}.
-udhánta 3〉 {887, 12} paśvā́ yád paścā́ víyutā 〰.
-odhi [2. s. Iv.], gleichlautend mit dem viel häufigeren Imperativ von bhū (s. d.)
4〉 arkásya {131, 6}
víśvasya suráthasya {248, 7}
avamásya {462, 5}
sakhyásya nas {664, 22}
ṛtásya {299, 4}
āpés {909, 6}
nas {378, 3}
me vácas {663, 27}
yajñám {993, 2}. In der Stelle {591, 2} mahé nas -adyá suvitā́ya bodhi (uṣas) ist die Bedeutung „erwache“ wahrscheinlicher als. „sei“ (vgl. {433, 1}).
Impf. (oder Aor.) ábudh (betont nur {861, 1}):
-dhram 1〉 {861, 1} u agnáyas.
-dhran úd {588, 3} úd u stómāsas 〰, jāmí u. s. w. práti 3〉 stómebhis uṣásam {596, 1} (am Schlusse des Versgliedes).
Stamm IV. búbodha (ohne Accent nur {553, 6}):
-ati [Co. I.] 4〉 somiásya ándhasas {858, 1}.
-atha práti 2〉 nas sajātíasya {890, 13}.
-as [Co. II.] 4〉 vácasas {553, 6}.
Aor. ábodh (betont {157, 1}
{239, 1}
{355, 1}. _{355, 2}
{525, 1}):
-dhi [3. s. me.] 1〉 uṣā́s {92, 11}
{123, 2} (pū́rvā víśvasmāt bhúvanāt)
{295, 6} (divás arkaís)
{596, 2}. (gūḍhvī́ támas)
agnís {157, 1}
{290, 4} (padavī́s)
{355, 1} (samídhā)
{355, 2} (yajáthāya devā́n)
{525, 1} (uṣásām upásthāt). práti 1〉 agnís {239, 1}. 3〉 vām stómais {589, 3}.
Aor. ábhuts (betont nur {629, 16}):
-si (1. s.) prá 1〉 ahám {629, 16}.
-smahi práti 3〉 tvā (uṣā́sam) {348, 4} (stómais)
{597, 3}.
Aor. bódhis:
-ṣat [Co.] ni 1〉 vácasas {207, 7}. [Page909]
Stamm des Caus. bodhaya (siehe Part.):
-a 1〉 agním stómena {368, 1}. 3〉 nas mahé rāyé {433, 1} (uṣas). prá 2〉 pṛnatás {124, 10} (ábudhyamānās paṇáyas sasantu)
púraṃdhi[a]m jārás sasatī́m iva {134, 3}
aśvínā {629, 17} (uṣas)
jārám índram {868, 2} (jaritar). tā́n (devā́n) {12, 4} (agne)
prātaryújā (aśvínau) {22, 1}.
-ata 1〉 átithim (agním) ghṛtaís {664, 1}.
Impf. ábodhaya:
-as 1〉 sasántam áhim vájreṇa {103, 7}
nas {433, 1}.
Aor. des Caus. abūbudha:
-at 1〉 nas {161, 13}.
Part. búdhyamāna [Stamm II.]:
-ās 3〉 {357, 6} (havíṣā). prati 3〉 vas {347, 10}.
Part. budhāná (Stamm III):
-ás 1〉 kārús {584, 9} (ágre uṣásām)
bildlich: ślókas {319, 8} (vgl. ábudhyamāna).
-ā́s [N. p. f.] 4〉 uṣásas {347, 8} sádasas ṛtásya.
Part. Perf. bubudhāná:
-ás 3〉 (ahám) {560, 3}.
-ā́s [m.] 1〉 {297, 18}. 3〉 náras {384, 2}.
Part. II. buddha:
-ās [m.] práti 2〉 ádṛṣṭās {191, 5}.
Part. IV. budhya
in a-budhyá.
Part. des Caus. bodháyat:
-antas 2〉 dadhikrā́m {560, 2} (námasā).
-antī [N. s. f., uṣā́s] 1〉 páñca kṣitī́s {595, 1}
jánam {434, 2}
víśvam jīvám {92, 9}
mṛtám kám caná {113, 8}
sasatás {124, 4}
ohne ausdrückliches Object: {401, 1}. pra 2〉 suvitā́ya {310, 3}
aruṇébhis áśvais {113, 14}.
-antīs [N.] pra 2〉 sasántam {347, 5}.
Verbale búdh als Inf.:
-udhí 1〉 uṣásas {137, 2} (beim Erwachen der Morgenröthe). Ausserdem erscheint es in pra-búdh und mit Nomen zusammengesetzt in uṣar-búdh.
Burnouf
French
*बुध् बुध्। बोधामि, बोदे 1, बुध्ये 4
[et Vd., बुध्नामि 9]
p. बुबोध, बुबुधे
f2.
बोधिष्यामि, बोधिष्ये et भोत्स्ये
a1.
अबोधिषम्
a2. अबुधम्। Pp. बुद्ध। À la cl. 4,
revenir à soi [du sommeil, d'un évanouissement, etc.]:
बुध्येत मे प्रिया que ma bien-aimée ne s'éveille pas.
Ordt.
Remarquer, observer, percevoir: बोध नस् स्तोमम् fais attention
à notre hymne, Vd.
Apprendre, découvrir: तत्त्वं ध्यानेन
la vérité par la réflexion
connaître qqn. savoir qqc.
penser, réfléchir à, ac. -- Zd. budh
gr.
πυθ [ἐπυθόμην]
lith. bundu.
Stchoupak
French
बुध्-
{%budhyate -ti bobhati -te
bubudhe %}{% bubodha
abodhi abuddha %}
{%abodhiṣata
bhotsyati -te
budhyate bodhayati -te %} (बोध्यते)
{%bobudhīti bubhutsati -te
buddhaboddhum %} बुद्ध्वा °बुध्य -- s'éveiller,
réveiller, veiller
percevoir, concevoir, reconnaître, savoir, comprendre,
reprendre connaissance
considérer qqch. comme (2 acc.), observer, faire
attention à (acc.)
caus. réveiller, ranimer, exciter
faire observer,
attirer l'attention, faire reconnaître ou comprendre, rappeler, révéler,
enseigner, informer, conseiller (2 acc.).
बुध्-
(nom. भुत्) ag. ifc. qui sait.