humble
This section shows the AI summary for the selected word, generated by referencing all available dictionaries. This feature is available only for logged-in users.
Warning!
This feature is only for logged in users. Please login to have full access to Kosha.
Spoken Sanskrit
Englishनम्र - namra - - humble
विनयशील - vinayazIla - - humble
वश्य - vazya - - humble
लघु - laghu - - humble
विनीत - vinIta - - humble
अनुच्च - anucca - - humble
अनुद्धत - anuddhata - - humble
अनुनायक - anunAyaka - - humble
अभिमानशून्य - abhimAnazUnya - - humble
उद्दान्त - uddAnta - - humble
उपजीविन् - upajIvin - - humble
निभृत - nibhRta - - humble
निरहङ्कार - nirahaGkAra - - humble
निरहङ्कृति - nirahaGkRti - - humble
निर्गर्व - nirgarva - - humble
निर्मद - nirmada - - humble
निर्विण्ण - nirviNNa - - humble
नोत्सेक - notseka - - humble
न्यग्भूत - nyagbhUta - - humble
बुद्धिमत् - buddhimat - - humble
वचनग्राहिन् - vacanagrAhin - - humble
वचनग्राहिन् - vacanagrAhin - - obedient
वचनग्राहिन् - vacanagrAhin - - submissive
वचनग्राहिन् - vacanagrAhin - - accepting or obeying orders
नम्र - namra - - humble
नम्र - namra - - bowing to
नम्र - namra - - submissive
नम्र - namra - - polite
नम्र - namra - - curved
नम्र - namra - - sunk
नम्र - namra - - bent
नम्र - namra - - hanging down
नम्र - namra - - bowed
नम्र - namra - - inclining
नम्र - namra - - bowing
नम्र - namra - - reverential
अनुद्धत - anuddhata - - humble
अनुद्धत - anuddhata - - unsurpassed
अनुद्धत - anuddhata - - unopposed
अनुद्धत - anuddhata - - not lifted up
अनुद्धत - anuddhata - - not a high place
विनयशील - vinayazIla - - humble
निरहङ्कृति - nirahaGkRti - - humble
निरहङ्कृति - nirahaGkRti - - free from egotism or pride
निरहङ्कार - nirahaGkAra - - humble
निरहङ्कार - nirahaGkAra - - unselfish
निरहङ्कार - nirahaGkAra - - free from egotism
निरहङ्कार - nirahaGkAra - - particular heaven
न्यग्भूत - nyagbhUta - - humble
न्यग्भूत - nyagbhUta - - being low
अनुनायक - anunAyaka - - humble
अनुनायक - anunAyaka - - submissive
अभिमानशून्य - abhimAnazUnya - - humble
अभिमानशून्य - abhimAnazUnya - - void of conceit
निर्गर्व - nirgarva - - humble
निर्गर्व - nirgarva - - free from pride
प्रह्व prahva humble
प्रह्व prahva sloping
प्रह्व prahva bowed
प्रह्व prahva inclined forwards
प्रह्व prahva stooping
प्रह्व prahva bowing before
प्रह्व prahva inclined towards i.e. intent upon
प्रह्व prahva devoted to
प्रह्व prahva modest
प्रह्व prahva engaged in
प्रह्व prahva slanting
प्रह्व prahva bent
प्रह्वीभूत prahvIbhUta humble
प्रह्वीभूत prahvIbhUta modest
प्रह्वीभूत prahvIbhUta bowing
Monier Williams
EnglishHUMBLE, नम्रबुद्धिः -द्धिः -द्धि, नम्रचेताः -ताः -तः (स्), नम्रः -म्रा -म्रं,
विनम्रः -म्रा -म्रं, नम्रशीलः -ला -लं, विनतचेताः &c. , विनतः -ता -तं,
विनयी -यिनी -यि (न्), विनीतः -ता -तं, सविनयः -या -यं, निर्विण्णः
-णा -णं, निर्विण्णचेताः &c. , अगर्व्वः -र्व्वा -र्व्वं, गर्व्वहीनः -ना -नं, दर्पहीनः
-ना -नं, दर्परहितः -ता -तं, दम्भरहितः -ता -तं, वीतदम्भः -म्भा -म्भं,
निरहङ्कारः -रा -रं, अनहङ्कारी -रिणी -रि (न्), अनहङ्कृतः -ता -तं,
निरहङ्कारी &c. , निरभिमानः -ना -नं, अभिमानहीनः -ना -नं, अभि-
मानशून्यः -न्या -न्यं, अनभिमानी -निनी -नि (न्), अनुद्धतः -ता -तं,
वश्यात्मा -त्मा -त्म (न्).
— (Low) अपकृष्टः -ष्टा -ष्टं, नीचः -चा -चं,
अधमः -मा -मं, प्राकृतः -ती -तं, कृपणः -णा -णं.
Borooah
EnglishHelp us improve! Let us know about any improvements, bugs, or suggestions you have. Thanks.Click here for Feedback Form
Raghuvira
English humble
vb. न्यक्करण (ancient word)
वैजयन्तीकोषः
SanskritWord: नश्वरः
Root: नश्वर
Gender: पुं
Number: all
अर्थः ⇒ दैन्यगर्भा
Meaning(s):
⇒ Humble
Shloka(s):
2|4|19|2 ► क्रोधगर्भा तु वैद्योता दैन्यगर्भा तु नश्वरी॥ (अन्तरिक्षकाण्डः/शब्दाध्यायः)
Synonym(s):
➠ 2|4|19|2 ⇢ नश्वरः (नश्वर) (पुं) ⇒ Humble ⇒ दैन्यगर्भा
➠ 2|4|19|2 ⇢ नश्वरा (नश्वर) (स्त्री) ⇒ Humble ⇒ दैन्यगर्भा
➠ 2|4|19|2 ⇢ नश्वरम् (नश्वर) (नपुं) ⇒ Humble ⇒ दैन्यगर्भा
Related word(s):
अमरकोशः
SanskritWord: अल्पम्
Root: अल्पम्
Gender: undefined
Number: undefined
Meaning(s):
⇒ low
⇒ weak
⇒ mean
⇒ tiny
⇒ agile
⇒ small
⇒ light
⇒ short
⇒ humble
⇒ slight
⇒ feeble
⇒ facile
⇒ nimble
⇒ little
⇒ minute
⇒ succinct
⇒ trifling
⇒ wretched
⇒ not heavy
⇒ irrelevant
⇒ meaningless
⇒ insignificant
⇒ of no relevance
⇒ without importance
Shloka(s):
3|3|28|1 ► त्रिष्विष्टेऽल्पे लघुः काचाः शिक्यभृद्भेददृग्रुजः। (नानार्थवर्गः)
3|3|37|2 ► सूक्ष्मैलायां त्रुटिः स्त्री स्यात्कालेऽल्पे संशयेऽपि सा॥ (नानार्थवर्गः)
3|3|41|2 ► त्रिषु ज्येष्ठोऽतिशस्तेऽपि कनिष्ठोऽतियुवाल्पयोः॥ (नानार्थवर्गः)
3|3|95|1 ► मूढाल्पापटुनिर्भाग्या मन्दाः स्युर्द्वौ तु शारदौ। (नानार्थवर्गः)
3|3|178|1 ► त्रिषु क्रूरेऽधमेऽल्पेऽपि क्षुद्रं मात्रा परिच्छदे। (नानार्थवर्गः)
3|4|8|2 ► किञ्चिदीषन्मनागल्पे प्रेत्यामुत्र भवान्तरे॥ (अव्ययवर्गः)
3|4|17|1 ► अल्पे नीचैर्महत्युच्चैः प्रायो भूम्न्यद्रुते शनैः। (अव्ययवर्गः)
Synonym(s):
➠ 3|3|28|1 ⇢ लघुः (लघु) (पुं) ⇒ low, weak, mean, tiny, agile, small, light, short, humble, slight, feeble, facile, nimble, little, minute, succinct, trifling, wretched, not heavy, irrelevant, meaningless, insignificant, of no relevance, without importance
➠ 3|3|28|1 ⇢ लघु (लघु) (स्त्री) ⇒ low, weak, mean, tiny, agile, small, light, short, humble, slight, feeble, facile, nimble, little, minute, succinct, trifling, wretched, not heavy, irrelevant, meaningless, insignificant, of no relevance, without importance
➠ 3|3|28|1 ⇢ लघु (लघु) (नपुं) ⇒ low, weak, mean, tiny, agile, small, light, short, humble, slight, feeble, facile, nimble, little, minute, succinct, trifling, wretched, not heavy, irrelevant, meaningless, insignificant, of no relevance, without importance
➠ 3|3|37|2 ⇢ त्रुटिः (त्रुटि) (स्त्री) ⇒ loss, doubt, cutting, breaking, destruction, same as troTi, small cardamoms, breaking a promise, very minute space of time
➠ 3|3|41|2 ⇢ कनिष्ठाः (कनिष्ठा) (पुं)
➠ 3|3|41|2 ⇢ कनिष्ठा (कनिष्ठा) (स्त्री) ⇒ younger wife, little finger, inferior wife, one married later
➠ 3|3|41|2 ⇢ (कनिष्ठा) (नपुं) ⇒ younger wife, little finger, inferior wife, one married later
➠ 3|3|95|1 ⇢ मन्दः (मन्द) (पुं) ⇒ bad, low, ill, sick, weak, fool, slow, dull, idle, lazy, tardy, silly, blunt, slack, faint, wicked, slight, stupid, feeble, gentle, little, drunken, foolish, languid, unhappy, inactive, apathetic, miserable, loitering, leisurely, phlegmatic, dull-witted, sluggish in, indulgent to, planet Saturn, indifferent to, end of the world, weak i.e. tolerant, moving slowly or softly, stupid or slow elephant, addicted to intoxication, apsis of a planet's course or its anomalistic motion
➠ 3|3|95|1 ⇢ (मन्द) (स्त्री) ⇒ bad, low, ill, sick, weak, fool, slow, dull, idle, lazy, tardy, silly, blunt, slack, faint, wicked, slight, stupid, feeble, gentle, little, drunken, foolish, languid, unhappy, inactive, apathetic, miserable, loitering, leisurely, phlegmatic, dull-witted, sluggish in, indulgent to, planet Saturn, indifferent to, end of the world, weak i.e. tolerant, moving slowly or softly, stupid or slow elephant, addicted to intoxication, apsis of a planet's course or its anomalistic motion
➠ 3|3|95|1 ⇢ मन्दम् (मन्द) (नपुं) ⇒ bad, low, ill, sick, weak, fool, slow, dull, idle, lazy, tardy, silly, blunt, slack, faint, wicked, slight, stupid, feeble, gentle, little, drunken, foolish, languid, unhappy, inactive, apathetic, miserable, loitering, leisurely, phlegmatic, dull-witted, sluggish in, indulgent to, planet Saturn, indifferent to, end of the world, weak i.e. tolerant, moving slowly or softly, stupid or slow elephant, addicted to intoxication, apsis of a planet's course or its anomalistic motion
➠ 3|3|178|1 ⇢ क्षुद्रः (क्षुद्र) (पुं) ⇒ low, fly, vile, poor, gnat, mean, tiny, cruel, whore, petty, small, harlot, wicked, little, minute, trifling, indigent, beggarly, niggardly, worthless, very small, diminutive, avaricious, mean-hearted, dancing girl, insignificant, quarrelsome woman, small particle of rice, base or despicable woman, maimed or crippled woman
➠ 3|3|178|1 ⇢ (क्षुद्र) (स्त्री) ⇒ low, fly, vile, poor, gnat, mean, tiny, cruel, whore, petty, small, harlot, wicked, little, minute, trifling, indigent, beggarly, niggardly, worthless, very small, diminutive, avaricious, mean-hearted, dancing girl, insignificant, quarrelsome woman, small particle of rice, base or despicable woman, maimed or crippled woman
➠ 3|3|178|1 ⇢ क्षुद्रम् (क्षुद्र) (नपुं) ⇒ low, fly, vile, poor, gnat, mean, tiny, cruel, whore, petty, small, harlot, wicked, little, minute, trifling, indigent, beggarly, niggardly, worthless, very small, diminutive, avaricious, mean-hearted, dancing girl, insignificant, quarrelsome woman, small particle of rice, base or despicable woman, maimed or crippled woman
➠ 3|3|178|1 ⇢ मात्रा (मात्रा) (स्त्री) ⇒ foot, atom, dose, money, jewel, goods, order, degree, wealth, trifle, moment, number, amount, matter, mirror, measure, element, quantity, ear-ring, ornament, particle, duration, property, substance, furniture, materials, household, livelihood, unit of time, metrical unit, minute portion, material world, unit of measure, musical unit of time, full measure of anything, right or correct measure, upper or horizontal limb of the nAgarI characters, length of time required to pronounce a short vowel
➠ 3|4|8|2 ⇢ किञ्चित् (किञ्चित्) (अव्य)
➠ 3|4|8|2 ⇢ ईषत् (ईषत्) (अव्य)
➠ 3|4|8|2 ⇢ मनाक् (मनाक्) (अव्य)
➠ 3|4|17|1 ⇢ (नीचैस्) (अव्य)
Related word(s):
जातिः ➡ परिमाणः
Word: विनययुक्तः
Root: विनययुक्तः
Gender: undefined
Number: undefined
Meaning(s):
⇒ firm
⇒ mild
⇒ shut
⇒ quiet
⇒ still
⇒ fixed
⇒ humble
⇒ modest
⇒ lonely
⇒ gentle
⇒ clingy
⇒ hidden
⇒ silent
⇒ closed
⇒ secret
⇒ full of
⇒ decided
⇒ settled
⇒ attached
⇒ stealthy
⇒ faithful
⇒ solitary
⇒ immovable
⇒ nearly set
⇒ undisturbed
⇒ filled with
⇒ free from passions
⇒ fixed or intent upon
⇒ borne or placed down
Shloka(s):
3|1|25|1 ► वश्यः प्रणेयो निभृतविनीतप्रश्रिताः समाः। (विशेष्यनिघ्नवर्गः)
Synonym(s):
➠ 3|1|25|1 ⇢ निभृतः (निभृत) (पुं) ⇒ firm, mild, shut, quiet, still, fixed, humble, modest, lonely, gentle, clingy, hidden, silent, closed, secret, full of, decided, settled, attached, stealthy, faithful, solitary, immovable, nearly set, undisturbed, filled with, free from passions, fixed or intent upon, borne or placed down
➠ 3|1|25|1 ⇢ (निभृत) (स्त्री) ⇒ firm, mild, shut, quiet, still, fixed, humble, modest, lonely, gentle, clingy, hidden, silent, closed, secret, full of, decided, settled, attached, stealthy, faithful, solitary, immovable, nearly set, undisturbed, filled with, free from passions, fixed or intent upon, borne or placed down
➠ 3|1|25|1 ⇢ निभृतम् (निभृत) (नपुं) ⇒ firm, mild, shut, quiet, still, fixed, humble, modest, lonely, gentle, clingy, hidden, silent, closed, secret, full of, decided, settled, attached, stealthy, faithful, solitary, immovable, nearly set, undisturbed, filled with, free from passions, fixed or intent upon, borne or placed down
➠ 3|1|25|1 ⇢ विनीतः (विनीत) (पुं) ⇒ neat, tamed, plain, humble, modest, lovely, trader, removed, trained, educated, merchant, extended, handsome, stretched, performed, tractable, versed in, accomplished, well-behaved, trained horse, gentleman-like, led or taken away, acquainted or familiar with, one who has subdued his passions
➠ 3|1|25|1 ⇢ (विनीत) (स्त्री) ⇒ neat, tamed, plain, humble, modest, lovely, trader, removed, trained, educated, merchant, extended, handsome, stretched, performed, tractable, versed in, accomplished, well-behaved, trained horse, gentleman-like, led or taken away, acquainted or familiar with, one who has subdued his passions
➠ 3|1|25|1 ⇢ विनीतम् (विनीत) (नपुं) ⇒ neat, tamed, plain, humble, modest, lovely, trader, removed, trained, educated, merchant, extended, handsome, stretched, performed, tractable, versed in, accomplished, well-behaved, trained horse, gentleman-like, led or taken away, acquainted or familiar with, one who has subdued his passions
➠ 3|1|25|1 ⇢ प्रश्रितः (प्रश्रित) (पुं) ⇒ humble, hidden, modest, obscure, courteous, well-behaved, bending forward deferentially
➠ 3|1|25|1 ⇢ (प्रश्रित) (स्त्री) ⇒ humble, hidden, modest, obscure, courteous, well-behaved, bending forward deferentially
➠ 3|1|25|1 ⇢ प्रश्रितम् (प्रश्रित) (नपुं) ⇒ humble, hidden, modest, obscure, courteous, well-behaved, bending forward deferentially
Related word(s):
परा_अपरासंबन्धः ➡ मनुष्यः
जातिः ➡ मनुष्यः
Word: स्वाधीनः
Root: स्वाधीनः
Gender: undefined
Number: undefined
Meaning(s):
⇒ tame
⇒ tamed
⇒ slave
⇒ humble
⇒ docile
⇒ cloves
⇒ humbled
⇒ subdued
⇒ dutiful
⇒ obedient
⇒ tractable
⇒ dependent
⇒ submissive
⇒ to be subjected
⇒ at the disposal of
⇒ being under control
⇒ obedient to another's will
Shloka(s):
3|1|25|1 ► वश्यः प्रणेयो निभृतविनीतप्रश्रिताः समाः। (विशेष्यनिघ्नवर्गः)
Synonym(s):
➠ 3|1|25|1 ⇢ वश्यः (वश्य) (पुं) ⇒ tame, tamed, slave, humble, docile, cloves, humbled, subdued, dutiful, obedient, tractable, dependent, submissive, to be subjected, at the disposal of, being under control, obedient to another's will
➠ 3|1|25|1 ⇢ (वश्य) (स्त्री) ⇒ tame, tamed, slave, humble, docile, cloves, humbled, subdued, dutiful, obedient, tractable, dependent, submissive, to be subjected, at the disposal of, being under control, obedient to another's will
➠ 3|1|25|1 ⇢ वश्यम् (वश्य) (नपुं) ⇒ tame, tamed, slave, humble, docile, cloves, humbled, subdued, dutiful, obedient, tractable, dependent, submissive, to be subjected, at the disposal of, being under control, obedient to another's will
➠ 3|1|25|1 ⇢ प्रणेयः (प्रणेय) (पुं) ⇒ docile, obedient, to be guided or led, to be used or applied, to be fixed or settled, to be executed or accomplished
➠ 3|1|25|1 ⇢ (प्रणेय) (स्त्री) ⇒ docile, obedient, to be guided or led, to be used or applied, to be fixed or settled, to be executed or accomplished
➠ 3|1|25|1 ⇢ प्रणेयम् (प्रणेय) (नपुं) ⇒ docile, obedient, to be guided or led, to be used or applied, to be fixed or settled, to be executed or accomplished
Related word(s):
परा_अपरासंबन्धः ➡ मनुष्यः
जातिः ➡ मनुष्यः
Word: लज्जाशीलः
Root: लज्जाशील
Gender: पुं
Number: all
Meaning(s):
⇒ humble
⇒ bashful
Shloka(s):
3|1|28|1 ► लज्जाशीलेऽपत्रपिष्णुर्वन्दारुरभिवादके। (विशेष्यनिघ्नवर्गः)
Synonym(s):
➠ 3|1|28|1 ⇢ लज्जाशीलः (लज्जाशील) (पुं)
➠ 3|1|28|1 ⇢ (लज्जाशील) (स्त्री)
➠ 3|1|28|1 ⇢ लज्जाशीलम् (लज्जाशील) (नपुं)
➠ 3|1|28|1 ⇢ अपत्रपिष्णुः (अपत्रपिष्णु) (पुं)
➠ 3|1|28|1 ⇢ अपत्रपिष्णुः (अपत्रपिष्णु) (स्त्री)
➠ 3|1|28|1 ⇢ अपत्रपिष्णु (अपत्रपिष्णु) (नपुं)
Related word(s):
परा_अपरासंबन्धः ➡ मनुष्यः
जातिः ➡ मनुष्यः
गुण-गुणी-भावः ➡ लज्जा
Word: प्रसृतम्
Root: प्रसृत
Gender: नपुं
Number: all
Meaning(s):
⇒ fled
⇒ quiet
⇒ humble
⇒ strong
⇒ modest
⇒ mighty
⇒ set out
⇒ intense
⇒ handful
⇒ departed
⇒ ordinary
⇒ displaced
⇒ devoted to
⇒ prevailing
⇒ come forth
⇒ resounding
⇒ issued from
⇒ intent upon
⇒ wide-spreading
⇒ extending over or to
⇒ held or stretched out
⇒ palm of the hand stretched out and hollowed as if to hold liquids
Shloka(s):
3|1|88|2 ► प्रवृद्धप्रसृते न्यस्तनिसृष्टे गुणिताहते॥ (विशेष्यनिघ्नवर्गः)
Synonym(s):
➠ 3|1|88|2 ⇢ प्रवृद्धः (प्रवृद्ध) (पुं) ⇒ full, deep, great, strong, mighty, swollen, haughty, intense, heaving, diffused, expanded, numerous, arrogant, vehement, grown up, augmented, increased, grown old, prosperous, advanced in age, fully developed, risen to wealth or power
➠ 3|1|88|2 ⇢ (प्रवृद्ध) (स्त्री) ⇒ full, deep, great, strong, mighty, swollen, haughty, intense, heaving, diffused, expanded, numerous, arrogant, vehement, grown up, augmented, increased, grown old, prosperous, advanced in age, fully developed, risen to wealth or power
➠ 3|1|88|2 ⇢ प्रवृद्धम् (प्रवृद्ध) (नपुं) ⇒ full, deep, great, strong, mighty, swollen, haughty, intense, heaving, diffused, expanded, numerous, arrogant, vehement, grown up, augmented, increased, grown old, prosperous, advanced in age, fully developed, risen to wealth or power
➠ 3|1|88|2 ⇢ प्रसृतः (प्रसृत) (पुं) ⇒ fled, quiet, humble, strong, modest, mighty, set out, intense, handful, departed, ordinary, displaced, devoted to, prevailing, come forth, resounding, issued from, intent upon, wide-spreading, extending over or to, held or stretched out, palm of the hand stretched out and hollowed as if to hold liquids
➠ 3|1|88|2 ⇢ (प्रसृत) (स्त्री) ⇒ fled, quiet, humble, strong, modest, mighty, set out, intense, handful, departed, ordinary, displaced, devoted to, prevailing, come forth, resounding, issued from, intent upon, wide-spreading, extending over or to, held or stretched out, palm of the hand stretched out and hollowed as if to hold liquids
➠ 3|1|88|2 ⇢ प्रसृतम् (प्रसृत) (नपुं) ⇒ fled, quiet, humble, strong, modest, mighty, set out, intense, handful, departed, ordinary, displaced, devoted to, prevailing, come forth, resounding, issued from, intent upon, wide-spreading, extending over or to, held or stretched out, palm of the hand stretched out and hollowed as if to hold liquids
Related word(s):
जातिः ➡ द्रव्यम्
Word: सम्यग्गतिमान्_वाजिः
Root: सम्यग्गतिमान्_वाजिः
Gender: undefined
Number: undefined
Meaning(s):
⇒ neat
⇒ tamed
⇒ plain
⇒ humble
⇒ modest
⇒ lovely
⇒ trader
⇒ removed
⇒ trained
⇒ educated
⇒ merchant
⇒ extended
⇒ handsome
⇒ stretched
⇒ performed
⇒ tractable
⇒ versed in
⇒ accomplished
⇒ well-behaved
⇒ trained horse
⇒ gentleman-like
⇒ led or taken away
⇒ acquainted or familiar with
⇒ one who has subdued his passions
Shloka(s):
2|8|44|2 ► आजानेयाः कुलीनाः स्युर्विनीताः साधुवाहिनः॥ (क्षत्रियवर्गः)
Synonym(s):
➠ 2|8|44|2 ⇢ विनीतः (विनीत) (पुं) ⇒ neat, tamed, plain, humble, modest, lovely, trader, removed, trained, educated, merchant, extended, handsome, stretched, performed, tractable, versed in, accomplished, well-behaved, trained horse, gentleman-like, led or taken away, acquainted or familiar with, one who has subdued his passions
➠ 2|8|44|2 ⇢ साधुवाही (साधुवाहिन्) (पुं) ⇒ drawing well, having good horses, good or well-trained horse
Related word(s):
परा_अपरासंबन्धः ➡ अश्वः
जातिः ➡ स्तनपायी
No entries for this word is found.
What is this? (Hidden Dictionary)
To avoid the clutter in the app, the unwanted dictionaries can be hidden to have clear view while browsing. This section shows entries from those hidden dictionaries if any.
How to hide/unhide dictionary?
Every dictionary entry will have top right corner menu . From there, you can hide or unhide dictionary. You must login to use this feature. So, KST can remember your preferences of hidden dictionaries.
